Globalization is a process in which the world is transformed into a single global system. The issue of globalization became very relevant in the 1990s, although various aspects of this process have been seriously discussed by scientists since the 1990s. The globalization of the world economy is the transformation of the world space into single zone where information, goods and services, capital move freely, where ideas spread freely and their carriers move freely, stimulating the development of modern institutions and fine-tuning the mechanisms of their interaction.

The origins of globalization lie in the 16th and 17th centuries, when strong economic growth in Europe was combined with advances in navigation and geographical discoveries. As a result, Portuguese and Spanish traders spread throughout the world and began to colonize the Americas. In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company, which traded with many Asian countries, became the first genuine transnational company. In the 19th century, rapid industrialization led to increased trade and investment between the European powers, their colonies, and the United States. During this period, unfair trade with developing countries had the character of imperialist exploitation. In the first half of the 20th century, globalization processes were interrupted by two world wars and a period of economic recession that separated them.

After World War II, globalization resumed at an accelerated pace. She was aided by improvements in technology that led to fast sea, rail and air travel, as well as the availability of international telephone service. The removal of barriers to international trade has been carried out since 1947 by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), a series of agreements between major capitalist and developing countries. In 1995, 75 GATT members formed the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since then, 153 countries have been members of the World Trade Organization.

Formation of a single (universal) international economic, legal, cultural and information space. In other words, the phenomenon of globalization goes beyond the purely economic framework and has a significant impact on all major areas of social activity - politics, ideology, culture. It will undoubtedly play a decisive role in the world economy of the 21st century, giving a powerful impetus to the formation of a new system of international economic and political relations.

Firstly, globalization is caused by objective factors of world development, the deepening of the international division of labor, scientific and technological progress in the field of transport and communications, which reduces the so-called economic distance between countries. The second source of globalization is trade liberalization and other forms of economic liberalization, which have curtailed protectionist policies and made world trade freer. The third source of the internationalization process and one of the main sources of globalization has become the phenomenon of transnationalization, in which a certain proportion of production, consumption, exports, imports and income of the country depends on the decisions of international centers outside the given state.

The main sphere of globalization is the international economic system ( world economy), i.e. global production, exchange and consumption carried out by enterprises in national economies and in the world market. By the end of the twentieth century. The international economic system has become a complex structure with about 200 political units, including 186 states. All of them participate in one way or another in the production of the total product and try to build and regulate their national markets. Globalization has a great impact on the economy of all countries, which is multidimensional. It affects the production of goods and services, the use of labor, investment in "physical" and human capital, technology and their diffusion from one country to another. All this ultimately affects the efficiency of production, labor productivity and competitiveness.

The main forces of the globalization process - international companies, transnational corporations and financial institutions - need a global space for their expansion. The typical TNC owns or controls a number of foreign subsidiaries, is connected by business alliances (thanks to direct investments) on all continents, resorts to strategic methods of managing its activities abroad. Such a corporation will not miss the opportunity to take advantage of business ideas, products, personnel, capital, sources of raw materials in any place where it is profitable. Similarly, its marketing policy is built. Such activity allows these corporations to make new connections far beyond their national borders.

The process of globalization of the economy has accelerated in recent decades, when various markets, in particular, capital, technology and goods, and to a certain extent, labor, have become increasingly interconnected and integrated into a multi-layered network of TNCs. The process of globalization of the economy has accelerated in recent decades, when various markets, in particular, capital, technology and goods, and to a certain extent, labor, have become increasingly interconnected and integrated into a multi-layered network of TNCs.

Extremely high growth rates of direct foreign investment far exceeding the growth rate of world trade. These investments play a key role in technology transfer, industrial restructuring, and the formation of global enterprises, which have a direct impact on the national economy. impact on technological innovation. New technologies, as already noted, are one of the driving forces of globalization, but it, in turn, intensifying competition, stimulates them. further development and distribution among countries. As a result of globalization, there is an increase in trade in services, including financial, legal, managerial, informational and all kinds of "invisible" services, which are becoming the main factor in international trade relations.

Globalization has intensified international competition. Competition and market expansion lead to a deepening of specialization and the international division of labor, which in turn stimulate the growth of production not only at the national, but also at the world level; Another advantage of globalization is economies of scale in production, which can potentially lead to cost reduction and price reduction, and hence to sustainable economic growth; the benefits of globalization are also associated with the gains from trade on a mutually beneficial basis that satisfies all parties, which may be individuals, firms and other organizations, countries, trade unions, and even entire continents; globalization can lead to increased productivity through global rationalization of production and the spread of advanced technology, as well as competitive pressures for continuous innovation globally. In general, the benefits of globalization allow all partners to improve their position, which will have the opportunity, by increasing production, to increase the level of wages and living standards.

The first threat posed by globalization stems from the fact that its benefits, which people understand, will, however, be unevenly distributed. The second threat is considered by many to be the deindustrialization of the economy. The next threat posed by globalization is associated with a marked increase in the wage gap between skilled and less skilled workers, as well as rising unemployment. The fourth threat is the transfer by firms from countries with high labor costs of part of their production capacities to countries with low wages. The fifth threat is associated with labor mobility.

How does the global economy affect the economies of countries? This question may include several answers: 1) the economies of countries are changing for the better (growth in GDP, incomes of the population, investment, reduction in unemployment and inflation). An example here can be the countries of the European Union; 2) the economies of countries do not change (globalization trends do not affect the permanent situation in the country). An example is Japan; 3) the economies of countries are changing for the worse (aggravation of the fall in GDP, incomes of the population, rising inflation and unemployment). An example here can be countries that have just begun to transition to a market economy, as well as countries in Africa.

Globalization, with its profound economic, technological and social transformations, will undoubtedly affect the world ecosystem. And this is a typical problem of human security. Until now, the blame for the overall environmental damage is placed on the developed countries, although they do the main harm to themselves.

There are several sources of future conflicts that will arise in connection with the use of the ecosystem. The struggle for water resources is likely to result in acute regional conflicts. The future of the rainforest and the consequences of deforestation have already become a subject of deep contention between states due to differences in interests and political goals. In general, the world can no longer afford to waste resources thoughtlessly, causing irreparable harm to the environment.

Globalization deepens, expands and accelerates worldwide interconnections and interdependencies in all spheres of today's public life. As we can see, globalization on a global scale has both positive and negative sides, but this is an objective process to which all subjects of international life must adapt.

PLAN:

1. The concept, main features and conditions for the development of integration

Factors determining integration processes:

Conditions for creating integration groups:

The main goals of integration:

2. Forms and stages of integration processes

Main models in global integration processes:

3. Consequences and effects of integration for the economic development of the participating countries

Integration effects:

4. Modern integration groupings

Globalization is a process in which the world is transformed into a single global system. The issue of globalization became very relevant in the 1990s, although various aspects of this process have been seriously discussed by scientists since the 1990s.

Write down: The globalization of the world economy is the transformation of the world space into a single zone where information, goods and services, capital move freely, where ideas spread freely and their carriers move freely, stimulating the development of modern institutions and debugging the mechanisms of their interaction.

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Firstly, globalization is caused by objective factors of world development, the deepening of the international division of labor, scientific and technological progress in the field of transport and communications, which reduces the so-called economic distance between countries. Allowing you to receive necessary information from anywhere in the world in real time and quickly make decisions, modern systems telecommunications are unprecedentedly facilitating the organization of international capital investment, cooperative production and marketing. In the conditions of information integration of the world, the transfer of technologies and the borrowing of foreign business experience are much faster. Prerequisites are emerging for the globalization of such processes that have so far remained local in nature, for example, getting higher education away from the best educational centers of the world. Firstly, globalization is caused by objective factors of world development, the deepening of the international division of labor, scientific and technological progress in the field of transport and communications, which reduces the so-called economic distance between countries. Allowing you to receive the necessary information from anywhere in the world in real time and quickly make decisions, modern telecommunications systems unprecedentedly facilitate the organization of international capital investment, production and marketing cooperation. In the conditions of information integration of the world, the transfer of technologies and the borrowing of foreign business experience are much faster. Prerequisites are emerging for the globalization of such processes that have so far remained local in nature, for example, getting higher education away from the best educational centers of the world.

The second source of globalization is trade liberalization and other forms of economic liberalization, which have curtailed protectionist policies and made world trade freer. As a result, tariffs were significantly reduced and many other barriers to trade in goods and services were removed. Other liberalization measures led to an increase in the movement of capital and other factors of production. The second source of globalization is trade liberalization and other forms of economic liberalization, which have curtailed protectionist policies and made world trade freer. As a result, tariffs were significantly reduced and many other barriers to trade in goods and services were removed. Other liberalization measures led to an increase in the movement of capital and other factors of production.

The third source of the internationalization process and one of the main sources of globalization has become the phenomenon of transnationalization, in which a certain proportion of production, consumption, exports, imports and income of the country depends on the decisions of international centers outside the given state. The leading forces here are transnational companies (TNCs), which themselves are both the result and the main actors of internationalization. The third source of the internationalization process and one of the main sources of globalization has become the phenomenon of transnationalization, in which a certain proportion of production, consumption, exports, imports and income of the country depends on the decisions of international centers outside the given state. The leading forces here are transnational companies (TNCs), which themselves are both the result and the main actors of internationalization. Globalization affects the economies of all countries. It affects the production of goods and services, the use of labor, investment, technology and their distribution from one country to another. All this ultimately affects the efficiency of production, labor productivity and competitiveness. It is globalization that has aggravated international competition. Globalization affects the economies of all countries. It affects the production of goods and services, the use of labor, investment, technology and their distribution from one country to another. All this ultimately affects the efficiency of production, labor productivity and competitiveness. It is globalization that has aggravated international competition.

The process of globalization of the economy has accelerated in recent decades, when various markets, in particular, capital, technology and goods, and to a certain extent, labor, have become increasingly interconnected and integrated into a multi-layered network of TNCs. Although a certain number of TNCs operate in the traditional trading sector, in general, international firms advocate the industrial restructuring of many developing countries through the creation of new industries, in particular, automotive, petrochemical, engineering, electronics, etc., and the modernization of traditional ones, including textile and food.

International Modern transnational corporations (they are also called global corporations), in contrast to the former production-type TNCs, operate mainly in the information and financial markets. There is a planetary unification of these markets, a single global financial and information space is being formed. Accordingly, the role of TNCs and closely related supranational economic structures and organizations (such as the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Finance Corporation, etc.). Currently, 80% of the latest technologies are created by TNCs, whose incomes in some cases exceed the gross national income of individual, fairly large countries. Suffice it to say that in the list of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 positions are occupied by TNCs. Moreover, the scope of a significant part of them is associated with the development of hypertechnologies (or metatechnologies), which include network computers, the latest computer programs, organizational technologies, technologies for forming public opinion and mass consciousness, etc. It is the developers and owners of such technologies that control financial markets today. and determine the shape of the world economy. Approximately 1/5 of the income of industrialized countries and 1/3 of developing countries are directly dependent on exports. It is estimated that 40-45% of the world's employment in the manufacturing industry and approximately 10-12% in the service sector are directly or indirectly associated with foreign trade, which remains the main means of redistributing world income.

Some aspects of the impact of globalization on the national economy deserve special mention: First of all, we note the extremely high growth rates of foreign direct investment, far exceeding the growth rates of world trade. These investments play a key role in technology transfer, industrial restructuring, and the formation of global enterprises, which have a direct impact on the national economy. The second aspect concerns the impact on technological innovation. New technologies, as already noted, are one of the driving forces of globalization, but it, in turn, intensifying competition, stimulates their further development and distribution among countries. Finally, as a result of globalization, there is an increase in trade in services, including financial, legal, managerial, informational and all kinds of "invisible" services, which are becoming the main factor in international trade relations. If in 1970 less than 1/3 of foreign direct investment was associated with the export of services, now this share has increased to 50%, and intellectual capital has become the most important commodity in the world market. The result of the deepening of the internationalization process is the interdependence and interaction of national economies. This can be perceived and interpreted as the integration of states into a structure close to a single international economic system. Although the bulk of the global product is consumed in producing countries, national development is increasingly linked to global structures and is becoming more multifaceted and diverse than it was in the past.

The process of globalization takes place in a highly polarized world system in terms of economic power and opportunities. This situation is a potential source of risks, problems and conflicts. A few leading countries control a significant part of production and consumption without even resorting to political or economic pressure. Their internal priorities and value orientations leave their mark on all major areas of internationalization. The vast majority (85-90%) of all TNCs are based in developed countries, but such corporations in last years began to be created in developing countries. By the end of the 1990s. there were about 4.2 thousand Latin American and East Asian TNCs and several hundred TNCs in European countries transitional economy. Among the fifty largest TNCs in developing countries, eight belong to South Korea, the same number to China, seven to Mexico, six to Brazil, four each to Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, three to Malaysia, and one each to Thailand, the Philippines and Chile. The young transnational corporations of these countries, such as the South Korean Daewoo and Samsung, the Chinese China Chemicals, the Taiwanese Ta-tung, the Mexican Chemex, the Brazilian Petroleo Brasilero and others, are energetically fighting for a place in the global market.

Nation States more and more one has to reckon with TNCs as powerful partners, and sometimes even rivals in the struggle for influence on the national economy. Agreements between TNCs and national governments on the terms of such cooperation have become the rule. Broader prospects have opened up for non-governmental organizations, which, as in the case of global firms, have reached the multinational or world level. Even such international organizations as the UN, the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO began to play a new global role. Thus, multinational enterprises and other organizations, both private and public, have become major actors global economy.

The fifth source lies in the peculiarities of cultural development. We are talking about the trend of the formation of globalized homogeneous media, art, pop culture, widespread use of English language as a general means of communication. It is worth mentioning one more important feature of the globalization of the world economy, which is the rapid development financial markets in the last years of the 20th century. The new role of financial markets (currency, stock, credit) in recent years has dramatically changed the architecture of the world economy. A few decades ago, the main goal of financial markets was to ensure the functioning of the real sector of the economy. In recent years, the global financial market has begun to show self-sufficiency. As a result, today we see an increase in the volume of this market at times, which was the result of a wide range of speculative transactions caused by liberalization economic relations. In a word, the process of obtaining money from money has been greatly simplified due to the exclusion from it of the actual production of any goods or services. Production was replaced by speculative transactions with various derivative financial instruments, such as futures and options, as well as playing on the difference in world currencies.

This is the most complex and most advanced process in terms of internationalization, which is the result of deepening financial ties between countries, liberalizing prices and investment flows, and creating global transnational financial groups. In terms of growth rates, the volume of loans in the international capital market in previous years exceeded the volume of foreign trade by 60% and the gross world product by 130%. The number of international organizations-investors is increasing. The globalization of finance is often seen as the reason for the growth of speculation and the diversion of capital from production and the creation of new jobs for speculative purposes. The process of financial globalization is concentrated primarily in the three main centers of the world economy: the United States, Western Europe and Japan. Financial speculation goes far beyond this triad. The global turnover in the currency market daily reaches 0.9-1.1 trillion. dollars. The influx of speculative capital can not only exceed the needs of a particular country, but also destabilize its position. The rapid globalization of finance continues to be a major cause of the vulnerability of the global economy. The integration of financial markets increases the risk of systemic failures.

All of the above allows us to note a number of advantages from the globalization process: globalization has caused an intensification of international competition. Competition and market expansion lead to a deepening of specialization and the international division of labor, which in turn stimulate the growth of production not only at the national, but also at the world level; another advantage of globalization is economies of scale in production, which can potentially lead to cost reductions and lower prices, and hence sustainable economic growth; the benefits of globalization are also associated with the gains from trade on a mutually beneficial basis that satisfies all parties, which may be individuals, firms and other organizations, countries, trade unions, and even entire continents; globalization can lead to increased productivity through global rationalization of production and the spread of advanced technology, as well as competitive pressures for continuous innovation globally. On the whole, the benefits of globalization make it possible for all partners to improve their position, who are given the opportunity to increase production, raise wages and raise living standards.

Globalization brings not only benefits, it is fraught with negative consequences or potential problems, which some of its critics see as a great danger. The first threat posed by globalization stems from the fact that its benefits, which people understand, will, however, be unevenly distributed. In the short term, as we know, changes in the manufacturing industry, the service sector, lead to the fact that industries that benefit from foreign trade and industries related to exports experience a greater influx of capital and skilled labor. At the same time, a number of industries significantly lose from globalization processes, losing their competitive advantages due to the increased openness of the market. Such industries are forced to make additional efforts to adapt to economic conditions that have changed not in their favor. This means the potential for capital and labor outflows from these industries, which will be the main reason for very costly adaptation measures. Adaptation measures are fraught for people with loss of work, the need to find another job, retraining, which leads not only to family problems, but also requires large social expenses, and in a short time. In the end, there will be a redistribution of labor, but at first the social costs will be very high. This applies not only to industries that have been significantly transformed in Europe in the last thirty years. It should be recognized that such changes pose a serious threat to the existing economic structure, and governments must bear the heavy burden of social costs associated with compensation, retraining, unemployment benefits, and support for low-income families.

The second threat is considered by many to be the deindustrialization of the economy, as global openness is associated with a decline in manufacturing employment in both Europe and the US. In fact, however, this process is not a consequence of globalization, although it proceeds in parallel with it. Deindustrialization is a normal phenomenon generated by technological progress and economic development. Indeed, the share of manufacturing industries in the economies of industrialized countries is sharply declining, but this decline is balanced by a rapid increase in the share of the service sector, including the financial sector. The next threat posed by globalization is associated with a marked increase in the wage gap between skilled and less skilled workers, as well as rising unemployment among the latter. Today, however, this is by no means necessarily a consequence of the intensification of international trade. More important is the fact that the demand for qualified personnel in industries and enterprises is increasing. This is due to the fact that competition from labor-intensive goods produced in countries with low wages and low-skilled workers leads to a decrease in prices for similar products of European firms and a reduction in their profits. In such conditions, European companies stop producing unprofitable products and move on to the production of goods that require the use of highly qualified personnel. As a result, workers with lower qualifications remain unclaimed, their incomes fall. The fourth threat is the transfer by firms from countries with high labor costs of part of their production capacities to countries with low wages. The export of jobs may be undesirable for the economy of a number of states. However, such a threat is not too dangerous.

The fifth threat is associated with labor mobility. Today much is said about the free exchange of goods, services and capital, and much less about the freedom of movement of labor. In this regard, the question of the impact of globalization on employment is raised. In the absence of adequate measures, the problem of unemployment can become a potential source of global instability. The squandering of human resources in the form of unemployment or part-time employment is the main loss of the world community as a whole, and especially of some countries that spent heavily on education. High unemployment in the mid-1990s signals the presence of major structural problems and political mistakes in the global economy. These factors indicate the need for effective change management at all levels, especially in areas that directly affect the living conditions of people. In particular, the question of whether international migration can contribute to solving the problems of employment and poverty is debatable. Today, labor markets are much less internationalized than markets for goods or capital. Globalization, with its profound economic, technological and social transformations, will undoubtedly affect the world ecosystem. And this is a typical problem of human security. Until now, the blame for the overall damage to the environment is laid on the developed countries, although they still cause the main harm to themselves. There are several sources of future conflicts that will arise in connection with the use of the ecosystem. The struggle for water resources is likely to result in acute regional conflicts. The future of the rainforest and the consequences of deforestation have already become a subject of deep contention between states due to differences in interests and political goals. In general, the world can no longer afford to waste resources thoughtlessly, causing irreparable harm to the environment.

Massive urbanization associated with global demographic, technological and structural changes can also become an important source of tensions and conflicts. Cities are already becoming key elements of society across countries and the world as a whole, as well as the main channels for the spread of the influence of globalization for a number of reasons. First, the supply of food and energy to cities in many countries depends not on local sources, but on imported resources. Further, cities are the main centers of global standardization of consumption, cultures. In them, multinational companies are most active. Urbanization is likely to intensify the process of globalization, and cooperation between large cities in political and institutional terms will become new area international relations.

Globalization deepens, expands and accelerates worldwide interconnections and interdependencies in all spheres of today's public life. As we can see, globalization on a global scale has both positive and negative sides, but this is an objective process to which all subjects of international life must adapt.

slide 2

- What do the words "Global financial crisis" mean?

2 There is no universally understood answer. Version I. Scenario "horror" - A repeat of the "Great Depression 1929-1932." Impossibility of international settlements: - A sharp drop in the exchange rate of the main international currency, the US dollar. Loss of confidence in dollar settlements. - The inability to determine the exchange rates dollar / euro, dollar / yen, dollar / pound sterling and cross-rates between them all. - Distrust of banks due to the threat of their bankruptcy. Hence the distrust of customers that banks will execute the entrusted payments on their accounts. - Technical disintegration of the interbank payment system at the level of information technology. The scenario for this version is extremely unlikely. It can become a reality only in the event of massive military operations involving the "old" financial centers.

slide 3

- What is the Global Financial Crisis?

3 Version II. Scenario "another crisis" - Is being implemented before our eyes: - A long 2-3 quarter decline in share prices on the main stock markets (stock exchanges) in the "old" and "new" financial centers. - Decrease in confidence in derivative exchange instruments. - Change of the "unipolar" monetary world (based on the US dollar) to the "multipolar" one (dollar, euro, yen, potentially yuan, ruble, etc.). Growth of currency risks. - Defaults on obligations of a number of large financial instruments and companies. Inability to refinance. - Fixing losses by many large financial institutions (banks) and investment funds. - Pumping liquidity by central banks with the acceleration of inflation. - Growth of rates on credits for bank clients. The script is not catastrophic, not romantic. Against the backdrop of an economic downturn, a transition to stagflation.

slide 4

First conclusions for Russia

4 The Russian economy is part of the global economy. Business cycle restored in Russia and coincides with the world. Russia has already experienced the short-term effects of the international financial crisis and will continue to experience long-term effects. Version II of the international financial crisis requires thoughtful actions by the Russian elite to adapt to the conditions of the crisis and to overcome it. It is pointless for the Russian elite to remain in anticipation of a further deterioration of the situation according to version I. It is necessary to agree with other "world players". When version I is implemented, Russia, together with all the "new" centers of power, will lose more than the "old" centers of economic power will lose.

slide 5

Globalization: Dynamics and Waves of Economic Growth

5 Globalization of the economy is a product of the development of "high technologies". Investment boom in the leading countries of the world. High GDP growth rates. The technical base of globalization is microelectronics and its "derivatives": - microchips and microprocessors; - communication systems; - software; - the Internet; - Informatics. The long “Kondratiev wave” is a thirty-year period of economic growth from the recession and national stagflation of the late 1970s to the rise of the 1980s-1990s and the decline in growth rates of the 2000s-2010s and international stagflation. Today's reality is a turning point from maximum to minimum rates of economic growth - a recession on the wave of recession.

slide 6

6 Deceleration of economic growth (low GDP growth rates) at the minimum stage of the “Kondratiev wave” can be protracted – 5-10 years. Recession is a period of searching for a new technological base for growth (maybe biotechnology, medicine, pharmaceuticals?). The way out of the recession is the application to new companies, new technologies of already created instruments for financing investments in the global financial system. The Great Depression is unlikely. The decline in the "old" centers of economic growth - the USA, Japan, the European Union - is compensated by the development of electronic technologies in the "new" centers of growth - the BRIC and ASEAN countries.

Slide 7

Globalization: A Conflicted Economic Growth Environment

7 Dominance of the US economy, US GDP growth maintains the balance of today's globalization. The "diseases" of the US economy (recessions, balance of payments deficits, federal budget deficits) undermine stability. State regulation remained national, but applied to global phenomena. Its effectiveness has decreased. Purely international regulation is advisory in nature (IMF, World Bank). The European Union is an obvious exception. Nation-states have ceded some of their national sovereignty to the common bodies. Is repetition possible?

Slide 8

8 International financial system is the engine of globalization. The financial system was transferred to the international electronic system of communication, processing and storage of information. financial institutions (banks, investment banks, investment funds) carry out transactions on all international and many national capital markets simultaneously. International liquidity exists in the form national currencies: - US dollar - European Union - euro - Japanese yen. IMF's attempt to create an international unit of account - SDR - failed

Slide 9

Globalization and international stagflation

9 Volume of wide aggregates monetary circulation(M3, L) of national monetary units of key currencies (dollar, euro) exceeds the volumes of the corresponding GDP. For everyone stock markets speculative "bubbles" ripen in turn. When one bursts, liquidity flows to other markets. Price instability in world trade. International stock markets create an influx of investment in promising technologies. The collapse of the stock market deprives national economies of savings, sources of investment and the consumer. Industrial exchange instruments (futures, options) increased the volume of financial "bubbles". Risk assessment in transactions with them today is not possible for most investors. International stagflation is a slowdown in growth rates with a simultaneous unbalanced rise in prices.

Slide 10

Globalization and national interests

10 Russia today is part of the global economy: Established in the period 1990-2000s market economy. Foreign economic relations have been liberalized: Export-import deliveries Currency transactions based on the convertible ruble. Capital flow: - short-term portfolio investments; - long-term strategic (direct) investments. A new "post-industrial" structure of the economy has been created. The share of the service sector is about 60% in Russia's GDP. The path traversed by Russia from an agrarian, then an industrial, today post-industrial economy has been passed by most countries of the world.

slide 11

Assessment of consequences (+) benefits (-) risks

11 Expansion of supply (market supply) of goods and services, overcoming shortages. Capital inflows bearing the introduction of modern technology. Capital inflow through IPO to expand production. Capital inflow, development of stock markets. Availability of credit resources. A competitive market infrastructure has been created in Russia and economic growth has been ensured in 2000-2007. with an average annual rate of about 7% of GDP growth.

slide 12

Impact assessment (-) risks (+) benefits

12 Strengthening the influence of the global environment on economic growth in Russia. A number of enterprises (companies) of traditional engineering cannot compete and are losing the market. Fluctuation of the ruble exchange rate as a factor of instability and risk. Capital outflow - the flight of capital in the 1990s due to the high overall level of political and economic risks. Capitalization joint-stock companies in Russia it is determined on the stock exchange, where > 50% of transactions are funded by foreign money. The flow of “hot money” today affects the ruble exchange rate and the stock market decline. The general toughening of competition complicates the adoption of economic decisions both in companies and at the level of state administration.

slide 13

Russia's national interest in the global economy.

13 The national interest is to firmly take the position of the “new” center of economic growth in the global world. Realize the national interest - create in Russia investment climate, attractive for high technology: electronic, information, biotechnology, environmental protection. Ensure high competitiveness in world markets. Today is the second attempt - this problem could not be solved Planned Economy USSR; - it is necessary to solve it on the basis of the market economy of Russia.

Slide 14

14 Positive prerequisites: - globalization of the world economy; - market reform; - restructuring of the economy structure; - economic growth 2000 - 2007 Negative prerequisites: - historically "new" centers of economic growth - the USSR, Argentina, Mexico, Indonesia, South Africa - often lost their growth momentum; - there is no guarantee of automatic growth; - the global environment is conflicting; - "closed economy" syndrome and fear of global competition in the economy.

slide 15

2008 Choice again: Ways of development. How to ensure national interests?

15 Strategy Making the economy more manageable through greater transparency Tactics How to isolate yourself from international risks? Strategy Improving the efficiency of business and public administration Tactics How to win the competition in the domestic and global markets? The choice must be made on the basis of the study of globalization. Knowledge versus emotion.

slide 16

Globalization and national egoisms

16 Without participation in the international economic environment, there is no national development. Openness to the influence of the global economy is fraught with periodic growth crises. All the "new" centers of economic power - BRIC - are not centers of unification, political unions remain old. Strengthening calls for selective protectionism in the "old" centers - the US, Japan, the European Union. In fact, the impossibility of uniform rules of the game for completely different players is recognized. The political union turned out to be a necessary prerequisite for obtaining an "entrance ticket" to the economic union.

Slide 17

2008 Choice again: How to get rid of national myths?

17 Myth I: All world players, when making a decision, want to either harm or help Russia. Reality: Russia occupies a modest place in the global economy (≈ 3% of global GDP) and is only decisive as a supplier of natural gas to the European Union (≈ 60% delivered). There is no influence on the international financial market. Attention to Russian problems is low. Myth II: Russia is a rich country and self-sufficient in terms of resources, it can live without international economic ties. Reality: Russia in terms of economic development GDP per capita is somewhere between Malaysia and Brazil - the average level of development. The scarce economy and stagnation in the USSR are the results of its closed nature.

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18 Myth III: There is more money in Russia than you need. The main thing is to share them fairly and urgently invest in the Russian economy, but it is better to distribute them to the citizens of the country. Reality: In all sectors of the economic infrastructure, investments of 100-150 billion dollars are required in each sector over 5 years. Whole Stabilization Fund is only about 120 billion dollars. If all revenues from oil and gas supplies are equally divided, this amounts to about 150 dollars per person per year. Myth IV: Having concluded alliances with our close, nationally oriented countries (China, India, ) Russia will be able to resist Globalization and, first of all, the influence of the United States. Reality: A similar consideration was voiced by E.M. Primakov in 1999 and was sharply rejected by India and China. After that, they increased their interaction with the United States. The "new" centers and nationally oriented countries are looking not for confrontation, but for cooperation with the "old" ones.

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2008 Another choice: How to ensure national interests?

19 The realities of today's world must be acknowledged. Globalization is controversial, but it is "a reality given to us in sensation." We must learn to live in it. Russia is not "immune" to the influence of global challenges. Globalization is a conflict, Russia alone will not win these conflicts. We need a search for solid allies among the "old" centers of power, otherwise the "new" ones will find them before Russia and at its expense. Russia needs to increase domestic and foreign investment. Investors must be loved. Conflict and scold them is stupid. If the advantages of globalization cannot be used alone, it is necessary to enter into political alliances either with the European Union and through it with the United States, or with the United States directly. Russia in 2008 must again choose the path of development. The crisis of economic growth in the global economy leaves Russia less and less time to choose. The global strategic threat to Russia lies south of its borders. The threat of extremists seizing Central Asia and reaching the border with the North Caucasus. We must not be left without allies.

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Globalization of the world economy

The work was done by a student of the group 1510 Maria Marikutsa

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Globalization is a process in which the world is transformed into a single global system. The issue of globalization became very relevant in the 1990s, although various aspects of this process have been seriously discussed by scientists since the 1960s and 1970s.

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Burn:

The globalization of the world economy is the transformation of the world space into a single zone where information, goods and services, capital move freely, where ideas spread freely and their carriers move freely, stimulating the development of modern institutions and debugging the mechanisms of their interaction.

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Globalization implies the formation of a single (universal) international economic, legal, cultural and information space. In other words, the phenomenon of globalization goes beyond the purely economic framework and has a significant impact on all major areas of social activity - politics, ideology, culture. It will undoubtedly play a decisive role in the world economy of the 21st century, giving a powerful impetus to the formation of a new system of international economic and political relations.

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What caused globalization?

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Firstly, globalization is caused by objective factors of world development, the deepening of the international division of labor, scientific and technological progress in the field of transport and communications, which reduces the so-called economic distance between countries. Allowing you to receive the necessary information from anywhere in the world in real time and quickly make decisions, modern telecommunications systems unprecedentedly facilitate the organization of international capital investment, production and marketing cooperation. In the conditions of information integration of the world, the transfer of technologies and the borrowing of foreign business experience are much faster. Prerequisites are emerging for the globalization of such processes that have so far remained local in nature, for example, getting higher education away from the best educational centers of the world.

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The second source of globalization is trade liberalization and other forms of economic liberalization that have curtailed protectionist policies and made world trade freer. As a result, tariffs were significantly reduced and many other barriers to trade in goods and services were removed. Other liberalization measures led to an increase in the movement of capital and other factors of production.

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The third source of the internationalization process and one of the main sources of globalization has become the phenomenon of transnationalization, in which a certain proportion of production, consumption, exports, imports and income of the country depends on the decisions of international centers outside the given state. The leading forces here are transnational companies (TNCs), which themselves are both the result and the main actors of internationalization. Globalization affects the economies of all countries. It affects the production of goods and services, the use of labor, investment, technology and their distribution from one country to another. All this ultimately affects the efficiency of production, labor productivity and competitiveness. It is globalization that has aggravated international competition.

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The process of globalization of the economy has accelerated in recent decades, when various markets, in particular, capital, technology and goods, and to a certain extent, labor, have become increasingly interconnected and integrated into a multi-layered network of TNCs. Although a certain number of TNCs operate in the traditional trading sector, in general, international firms advocate the industrial restructuring of many developing countries through the creation of new industries, in particular, automotive, petrochemical, engineering, electronics, etc., and the modernization of traditional ones, including textile and food.

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Modern transnational corporations (they are also commonly called global corporations), in contrast to the former production-type TNCs, operate mainly in the information and financial markets. There is a planetary unification of these markets, a single global financial and information space is being formed. Accordingly, the role of TNCs and closely related supranational economic structures and organizations (such as the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Finance Corporation, etc.) is growing. Currently, 80% of the latest technologies are created by TNCs, whose incomes in some cases exceed the gross national income of individual, fairly large countries. Suffice it to say that in the list of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 positions are occupied by TNCs. Moreover, the scope of a significant part of them is associated with the development of hypertechnologies (or metatechnologies), which include network computers, the latest computer programs, organizational technologies, technologies for forming public opinion and mass consciousness, etc. It is the developers and owners of such technologies that control financial markets today. and determine the shape of the world economy. Approximately 1/5 of the income of industrialized countries and 1/3 of developing countries are directly dependent on exports. It is estimated that 40-45% of the world's employment in the manufacturing industry and approximately 10-12% in the service sector are directly or indirectly associated with foreign trade, which remains the main means of redistributing world income.

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Some aspects of the impact of globalization on the national economy deserve special mention: First of all, we note the extremely high growth rates of foreign direct investment, far exceeding the growth rates of world trade. These investments play a key role in technology transfer, industrial restructuring, and the formation of global enterprises, which have a direct impact on the national economy. The second aspect concerns the impact on technological innovation. New technologies, as already noted, are one of the driving forces of globalization, but it, in turn, intensifying competition, stimulates their further development and distribution among countries. Finally, as a result of globalization, there is an increase in trade in services, including financial, legal, managerial, informational and all kinds of "invisible" services, which are becoming the main factor in international trade relations. If in 1970 less than 1/3 of foreign direct investment was associated with the export of services, now this share has increased to 50%, and intellectual capital has become the most important commodity in the world market. The result of the deepening of the internationalization process is the interdependence and interaction of national economies. This can be perceived and interpreted as the integration of states into a structure close to a single international economic system. Although the bulk of the global product is consumed in producing countries, national development is increasingly linked to global structures and is becoming more multifaceted and diverse than it was in the past.

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The process of globalization takes place in a highly polarized world system in terms of economic power and opportunity. This situation is a potential source of risks, problems and conflicts. A few leading countries control a significant part of production and consumption without even resorting to political or economic pressure. Their internal priorities and value orientations leave their mark on all major areas of internationalization. The vast majority (85-90%) of all TNCs are based in developed countries, but in recent years such corporations have also begun to be created in developing countries. By the end of the 1990s. there were about 4.2 thousand Latin American and East Asian TNCs and several hundred TNCs in European countries in transition. Among the fifty largest TNCs in developing countries, eight belong to South Korea, the same number to China, seven to Mexico, six to Brazil, four each to Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, three to Malaysia, and one each to Thailand, the Philippines and Chile. The young transnational corporations of these countries, such as the South Korean Daewoo and Samsung, the Chinese China Chemicals, the Taiwanese Ta-tung, the Mexican Chemex, the Brazilian Petroleo Brasilero and others, are energetically fighting for a place in the global market.

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Nation states increasingly have to reckon with TNCs as powerful partners, and sometimes even rivals, in the struggle for influence on the national economy. Agreements between TNCs and national governments on the terms of such cooperation have become the rule. Broader prospects have opened up for non-governmental organizations, which, as in the case of global firms, have reached the multinational or world level. Even such international organizations as the UN, the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO began to play a new global role. Thus, multinational enterprises and other organizations, both private and public, have become major actors in the global economy.

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The fifth source lies in the peculiarities of cultural development. We are talking about the trend of the formation of globalized homogeneous media, art, pop culture, the widespread use of the English language as a universal means of communication. It is worth mentioning one more important feature of the globalization of the world economy - the rapid development of financial markets in the last years of the 20th century. The new role of financial markets (currency, stock, credit) in recent years has dramatically changed the architecture of the world economy. A few decades ago, the main goal of financial markets was to ensure the functioning of the real sector of the economy. In recent years, the global financial market has begun to show self-sufficiency. As a result, today we see an increase in the volume of this market many times over, which was the result of a wide range of speculative transactions caused by the liberalization of economic relations. In a word, the process of obtaining money from money has been greatly simplified due to the exclusion from it of the actual production of any goods or services. Production was replaced by speculative transactions with various derivative financial instruments, such as futures and options, as well as playing on the difference in world currencies.

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This is the most complex and most advanced process in terms of internationalization, which is the result of deepening financial ties between countries, liberalizing prices and investment flows, and creating global transnational financial groups. In terms of growth rates, the volume of loans in the international capital market in the previous 10-15 years exceeded the volume of foreign trade by 60% and the gross world product by 130%. The number of international organizations-investors is increasing. The globalization of finance is often seen as the reason for the growth of speculation and the diversion of capital from production and the creation of new jobs for speculative purposes. The process of financial globalization is concentrated primarily in the three main centers of the world economy: the United States, Western Europe and Japan. Financial speculation goes far beyond this triad. The global turnover in the currency market daily reaches 0.9-1.1 trillion. dollars. The influx of speculative capital can not only exceed the needs of a particular country, but also destabilize its position. The rapid globalization of finance continues to be a major cause of the vulnerability of the global economy. The integration of financial markets increases the risk of systemic failures.

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All of the above allows us to note a number of advantages from the globalization process:

globalization has intensified international competition. Competition and market expansion lead to a deepening of specialization and the international division of labor, which in turn stimulate the growth of production not only at the national, but also at the world level; another advantage of globalization is economies of scale, which can potentially lead to cost reductions and price reductions, and hence sustainable economic growth; the benefits of globalization are also associated with the gains from trade on a mutually beneficial basis that satisfies all parties, which may be individuals, firms and other organizations, countries, trade unions, and even entire continents; globalization can lead to increased productivity through global rationalization of production and the spread of advanced technology, as well as competitive pressures for continuous innovation globally. On the whole, the benefits of globalization make it possible for all partners to improve their position, who are given the opportunity to increase production, raise wages and raise living standards.

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Globalization brings not only benefits, it is fraught with negative consequences or potential problems, which some of its critics see as a great danger.

The first threat posed by globalization stems from the fact that its benefits, which people understand, will, however, be unevenly distributed. In the short term, as we know, changes in the manufacturing industry, the service sector, lead to the fact that industries that benefit from foreign trade and industries related to exports experience a greater influx of capital and skilled labor. At the same time, a number of industries significantly lose from globalization processes, losing their competitive advantages due to the increased openness of the market. Such industries are forced to make additional efforts to adapt to economic conditions that have changed not in their favor. This means the potential for capital and labor outflows from these industries, which will be the main reason for very costly adaptation measures. Adaptation measures are fraught for people with loss of work, the need to find another job, retraining, which leads not only to family problems, but also requires large social expenses, and in a short time. In the end, there will be a redistribution of labor, but at first the social costs will be very high. This applies not only to industries that have been significantly transformed in Europe in the last thirty years. It should be recognized that such changes pose a serious threat to the existing economic structure, and governments must bear the heavy burden of social costs associated with compensation, retraining, unemployment benefits, and support for low-income families.

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The second threat is considered by many to be the deindustrialization of the economy, as global openness is associated with a decline in manufacturing employment in both Europe and the US. In fact, however, this process is not a consequence of globalization, although it proceeds in parallel with it. Deindustrialization is a normal phenomenon generated by technological progress and economic development. Indeed, the share of manufacturing industries in the economies of industrialized countries is sharply declining, but this decline is balanced by a rapid increase in the share of the service sector, including the financial sector. The next threat posed by globalization is associated with a marked increase in the wage gap between skilled and less skilled workers, as well as rising unemployment among the latter. Today, however, this is by no means necessarily a consequence of the intensification of international trade. More important is the fact that the demand for qualified personnel in industries and enterprises is increasing. This is due to the fact that competition from labor-intensive goods produced in countries with low wages and low-skilled workers leads to a decrease in prices for similar products of European firms and a reduction in their profits. In such conditions, European companies stop producing unprofitable products and move on to the production of goods that require the use of highly qualified personnel. As a result, workers with lower qualifications remain unclaimed, their incomes fall. The fourth threat is the transfer by firms from countries with high labor costs of part of their production capacities to countries with low wages. The export of jobs may be undesirable for the economy of a number of states. However, such a threat is not too dangerous.

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The fifth threat is associated with labor mobility. Today much is said about the free exchange of goods, services and capital, and much less about the freedom of movement of labor. In this regard, the question of the impact of globalization on employment is raised. In the absence of adequate measures, the problem of unemployment can become a potential source of global instability. The squandering of human resources in the form of unemployment or underemployment is the main loss of the world community as a whole, and especially of some countries that have spent heavily on education. High unemployment in the mid-1990s signals the presence of major structural problems and political mistakes in the global economy. These factors indicate the need for effective change management at all levels, especially in areas that directly affect the living conditions of people. In particular, the question of whether international migration can contribute to solving the problems of employment and poverty is debatable. Today, labor markets are much less internationalized than markets for goods or capital. Globalization, with its profound economic, technological and social transformations, will undoubtedly affect the world ecosystem. And this is a typical problem of human security. Until now, the blame for the overall damage to the environment is laid on the developed countries, although they still cause the main harm to themselves. There are several sources of future conflicts that will arise in connection with the use of the ecosystem. The struggle for water resources is likely to result in acute regional conflicts. The future of the rainforest and the consequences of deforestation have already become a subject of deep contention between states due to differences in interests and political goals. In general, the world can no longer afford to waste resources thoughtlessly, causing irreparable harm to the environment.

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Massive urbanization associated with global demographic, technological and structural changes can also become an important source of tensions and conflicts. Cities are already becoming key elements of society across countries and the world as a whole, as well as the main channels for the spread of the influence of globalization for a number of reasons. First, the supply of food and energy to cities in many countries depends not on local sources, but on imported resources. Further, cities are the main centers of global standardization of consumption, cultures. In them, multinational companies are most active. Urbanization is likely to intensify the process of globalization, and cooperation between large cities in political and institutional terms will become a new area of ​​international relations.

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Globalization deepens, expands and accelerates worldwide interconnections and interdependencies in all spheres of today's public life. As we can see, globalization on a global scale has both positive and negative sides, but this is an objective process to which all subjects of international life must adapt.

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Test questions:

What is the role of globalization in the world economy? How can globalization affect the small business of Ukrainian entrepreneurs? What is the positive impact of globalization, and what is the negative one?