In addition to direct investment in the development of production, funds can be invested in financial instruments. Through such investment, both tactical and strategic goals are realized. After defining the goals, a financial investment program is developed and implemented. It involves the choice of effective financial investment instruments, the formation and maintenance of a balanced portfolio of financial instruments. But the beginning and all directions of further work determine the goals. Based on these goals Distinguish between strategic and portfolio investment.

Strategic financial investments should contribute to the implementation of the strategic goals of the enterprise, such as expanding the sphere of influence, sectoral or regional diversification of operating activities, increasing market share by capturing competitors' enterprises, acquiring enterprises that are part of the vertical technological chain. The main factor affecting the value of the project for such an investor is the receipt of additional benefits for the main activity. Therefore, strategic investors are most often enterprises of related industries.

Such a project can be implemented by purchasing a controlling stake in an enterprise of interest. By doing this, the investor receives significant representation on the board of directors of the company, actively participates in its management. Such investors are not interested in making a profit on the stock market or maximizing current income from securities, their interests are concentrated in the field of property control and are not limited by any terms of participation in the project.

Company who sold their shares to such an investor, receives a vp "ode from the receipt of additional funds, the guaranteed sale of their products or the supply of necessary components, the improvement of the quality of management, etc., but it must be borne in mind that in this case the management structure of such enterprises undergoes a significant reconstruction.

Portfolio investment are carried out with the aim of making a profit or neutralizing inflation as a result of the effective allocation of temporarily free Money. In this case, profitable types of monetary instruments are bought (deposits in commercial banks, promissory notes) or profitable types of stock instruments (market securities). The latter type of investment is becoming more and more popular, but the financial manager who is engaged in this work at the enterprise requires a good knowledge of the stock market and its instruments.

The nature of the investment operation largely depends on the type of investor. Type of investor is determined depending on his understanding of the risk, the time of investment, sources and level of income. In accordance with this, conservative moderately aggressive and aggressive investors are distinguished.

There are other criteria for classifying investors in the stock markets. depending from status they are divided into individual (individuals), institutional (state, corporate investors, specialized institutions, funds, companies) and professional (banks and financial intermediaries).

AT developed countries the main investors who determine the state of the stock market are individual

investors. Having accumulated funds, they invest them in securities in order to generate income. But since the funds of each individual investor are limited and he does not know how to play correctly on the securities market, he prefers stable securities and a minimum of risk, i.e. in fact it conservative investor. Sometimes such an investor invests in high-risk securities, but he is always moderately aggressive.

Among institutional investors, i.e. legal entities licensed to carry out professional activity in the securities market as intermediaries on their own behalf and at their own expense, a special place is occupied by corporate investors. These are corporations that carry out production activities, but to solve their tactical or strategic tasks, they use the tools of the stock market to the maximum. By type, they can be different, both conservative and aggressive, it all depends on the goals.

A special group in the stock market are various financial and credit institutions: commercial and investment banks, Insurance companies, investment and pension funds and so on. These organizations are engaged in the accumulation and placement of funds in various financial assets for the purpose of generating income. The main objective of their investment activity- provide a stream of income stretched over time with minimal risk. Therefore, they are considered conservative investors.

Some professional financial investors do not seek to obtain a controlling stake, but seek control over the work of the company through participation in the board of directors. This situation arises when they participate in a project with a given level of risk and expect to get the maximum profit at the end of the project by selling their block of securities. Such investments are usually invested for a short period of 4 to 6 years, but during this time the value of the company increases significantly due to the implementation of the project and the profit is quite large.

Professional financial investors who engage in this type of investment turn it into a specialized activity. In Russia, such investors are represented by Western funds venture investments, the largest of which were formed with the participation of European Bank reconstruction and development. These funds carefully select the investment object, minimizing possible risks, which is especially important for the Russian high-risk market. Most often, they choose already existing, fairly developed companies for investment. Participation in such work Russian capital very little.

All stock market professionals who carry out transactions at their own expense, as a rule, are aggressive, and even, as they are also called, sophisticated investors.

Investment objectives are determined and forms of investments Solution of strategic tasks requires capital investment in the authorized capital of enterprises and the acquisition of a controlling stake in the relevant companies. At solving problems of capital gains in the long run, you need to choose long-term stock and monetary instruments that provide long-term growth of invested funds. For income maximization it is advisable to invest in short-term monetary instruments that can quickly generate income.

To achieve any investment goals it is necessary to evaluate the investment qualities of the available instruments financial market. As a rule, they are evaluated by three indicators: profitability, risk and liquidity.

Yield characterizes the efficiency of investment operations and shows the ratio between investment income and investment costs. Investment income is made up of two components: dividend, or interest payments, which depend on the performance of the issuer, and exchange difference, arising from speculative transactions. It depends on the activities of the operator and is the predominant source of income for an aggressive investor.

Liquidity, those. the ability to quickly convert into money without loss to the owner depends on the quality of the security and the level of development of the stock market.

Risk in this case, it represents the possibility for the investor to obtain a result different from the expected one. Risks in financial investment differ in a number of features. They are closely related to the dynamics of the stock market, and not only to the performance of an individual issuer. These risks are differentiated by individual types of financial instruments depending on the period of circulation, type of instrument and its sectoral affiliation. The overall risk of such an instrument is determined by the summation of individual specific risks.

form financial investment choose based on the investment qualities of the available financial instruments.

First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the level of risk and return, which are determined by the institutional status of the issuer. Issuers issuing securities are different, respectively, their securities differ in terms of income and risk. Government securities are the least risky, but the income from such securities is minimal. Securities issued by regional and municipal authorities are attractive to residents of the region. They also provide low income, but the level of risk for them is low. As a way to draw attention to such securities, local authorities often provide their owners with certain tax or rental incentives.

Bank securities have a moderate level of risk and higher income compared to government and municipal securities, so they are more attractive to investors. Corporate securities have an unpredictable return and a high degree of risk, this is very clearly shown in Russian market valuable papers.

An investor is interested in securities primarily in their profitability, and this indicator in some securities can be very clear, while other indicators are unpredictable. Thus, the terms and amount of current payments on bonds are known in advance, the terms for the return of the entire amount of money paid for them are determined. For equity securities, the market rate of which depends on many factors, and the amount of dividends is determined by the degree of efficiency of the issuer, the degree of profitability is much more difficult to determine.

All securities are divided into short term, medium term and long-term. Accordingly, the longer the period of their life, the greater the degree of risk of investing in these securities. Therefore, short-term securities have the lowest level of risk, but their level of return is also lower. Despite this, they are always in demand by the investor.

registered securities are low-liquid, since the procedure for re-registration of property rights is rather complicated and time-consuming. Bearer securities freely circulate on the market, which contributes to the growth of their liquidity.

All of the above forces the investor to choose completely certain type purchased securities. The next task is to choose a specific stock instrument, and for this - determine their effectiveness.

And everyone loves to spend them, but it’s really more difficult to make people “plow” people. Most applicants try to find a place where there is a good wage, and there is no special load. Such "lazy people" are divided into two categories: some are left without work at all, while others (the most enterprising and talented guys) find the right use for themselves - they are engaged in trading, and later act as investors. I hope you understand the subtle humor of the author, and will not throw "stones" at him (that is, me). Investing in is very hard work, which requires the investor to give maximum dedication and the ability to properly form his own. But let's delve deeper into this topic and deal with the most important aspects.

What is investment?

What is an investment in general? These are certain investments of money that can be made by both commercial and non-commercial organizations. There is also access to investments individuals. Money is given to the state or other private organizations for further activities or long-term development. Investors, in turn, can expect to receive income in the form of dividends or price differences on the sale of shares. Investing in securities is one of the most popular branches. There are usually two main types of investors involved in transactions. They may be private or institutional. Who is eligible for private investors? Basically, anyone. You have a certain amount of money in your hands, and there is an intention to invest it in the business - the road is open. As for institutional investors, they include large organizations - insurance and investment companies, and so on.

How to invest?

You, as an individual, have every right to invest your money in various securities, either directly or indirectly through one of the many funds or a company of your choice. If the investment is carried out by the organization, then the main task is to obtain maximum profit already in the long term. Making an investment decision is a tricky one. Here it is necessary to take into account a number of factors - the likely market value of securities, profitability, reliability, tax consequences and of course, . Which of the above is most important for an investor? What prevaricates - of course, profitability. When you give your money to another "uncle", you expect to receive the maximum income. Otherwise, what's the point of taking the risk.

Objectives and Strategies for Investing in Securities

We have already figured out that the main task of an investor is to generate income. At the same time, you can count on fixed when buying securities such as preferred shares, treasury bills, certificates of deposit or corporations. If your goal is to maximize your own capital, then it is better to use other instruments, for example, options, futures or commodity contracts. Here are the best prospects. What to do if your task is to ensure the reliability of investment? In this case, it is better to give preference to government bonds. As practice shows, this direction is very interesting. If we compare the shares of a large company or a young developing company, then it is quite logical that the first option is more preferable. At the same time, be sure to take into account such a parameter as liquidity. If you approach this issue with maximum responsibility, you can quickly convert your investments into impressive profits. Particular attention should be paid to the investment strategy. Yes, yes, there can also be a management style here. In particular, we are talking about the competent formation of an investment portfolio. Most newcomers act randomly - they buy shares of some prestigious (in their opinion) company with all their money and expect to make a profit. Only in this case, the chances are 50 to 50. An experienced person will do everything possible to minimize the risks, for this the investment portfolio is formed diversified. What is it for? If one of the investments "burns out", then this will not affect the state of the portfolio as a whole.

Types of financial investments

Today, there are several main types of investments:

1) Government securities

As we have already mentioned, investments in government securities belong to a special category. This type of investment is necessary primarily for the government to obtain the necessary funds for the development of various (including social) areas. The main advantage of government securities is reliability. The main disadvantage is low profitability.

Hello, friends. Today we will talk about investing in securities. We will try to find out all the advantages and disadvantages of this method, which are relevant both in Russia and in Ukraine. After studying the proposed material, you will be able to decide for yourself whether this option is right for you.

General characteristics of the securities market

A security is a special document that is issued on behalf of a particular company or organization. Securities secure for their owners part of the property rights and the opportunity to claim a share of the profits. Securities have two types of value: nominal and market value.

All securities have a par value. However, only those that acquire a market value after issuance can be used as an investment object. That is, they enter the stock market.

What is investing in securities

Investing in securities is a set of active actions that have two goals: to make a profit and protect capital from all kinds of financial crises. To make this possible, each investor must correctly select, hold, hedge and sell all securities purchased in a timely manner.

Selection. Several thousand securities are traded on the stock market. Not all of them are liquid, reliable and profitable. Therefore, the primary task of the investor is to select from the variety of offers those instruments on which you can earn money in the future.

Retention. During the trading session, the price constantly fluctuates. Therefore, it is important for an investor to enter a trade and wait until the moment when all operating expenses are covered and the position starts to make a profit.

Hedging. Hedging is understood as insurance against potential risks. It works like this:

• the investor purchases several securities from different financial sectors;
• if an unforeseen event occurs, then one group of assets will lose in value;
• at the same time, the opposite group of securities will rise in value.

Due to such a balance, the investor will avoid serious losses and will be able to keep most of his capital.

Implementation. When the selected security increases in value to a sufficient size, it is important for the investor to exit the transaction in a timely manner and take profits.

In the stock market, the process of investing can consist of both buying and selling securities.

An example of investing through a purchase. The user predicted that GOOGL's stock would rise from $918 to $1,063 per share. If the entry is made in time, then one purchased share will bring $145 in profit.

GOOGL quotes presented in American stock exchange NASDAQ.

An example of investing through a sale. The user made a prediction that from the level of $ 389, Tesla shares will begin to decrease in value. If he took profit at $292, he could earn $97 on one security.

TSLA quotes listed on the US NASDAQ stock exchange.

Methods of earning in the stock market

Investing in securities can be individual and collective. All methods can be divided into three large groups: independent trading, joint investment and robotic trading. Them main feature is that earnings cannot be completely passive. All transactions must be monitored and controlled by the investor. A detailed review of all of these methods will be performed in the next article.

Material for self-study

Within the framework of one article, we cannot fit all the features related to the securities market. Therefore, so that you can better understand the material, we have prepared for you a special book and a selection of thematic videos.

The book "Cheat Sheet - the Securities Market" is available on the LitRes website.

Introductory seminar on the securities market.

How to trade securities online.

The answer to the main question: "How much can I start investing in securities?".

See the "" section for more information. A stock is one of the most common subspecies of securities that investors use for their transactions. Let's make a brief announcement of all the articles published in this section.

Conclusion

Working in the stock market can bring good income if you open trades wisely and know how to control risk. If you want to start right now, visit traderfond.ru. It contains inexpensive educational material on how to invest in the securities market.

In the next article, we will talk about how to invest in securities. You will get acquainted with the basic concepts of fundamental and technical analysis, find out where you can train for free and properly prepare for real trading. Thank you for your attention. We hope that this material was useful for you and you will share it on social networks.

Sincerely, Artem Bilenko's blog team
« Your lifeline is in your hands»

For several centuries, securities have been one of the most popular and profitable investment instruments, as well as forms of capital storage. Now many states are actively using them to attract investors, offering a residence permit or citizenship in return. In today's article, we will find out in which securities it is offered to invest money in the framework of migration programs and how profitable it is.

Stocks and bods market

Securities are an integral part of modern investment and business processes. Wikipedia defines them as follows: “A security is a document certifying, in compliance with the established form and required details property rights, the exercise or transfer of which is possible only upon its presentation. All of them have a nominal (designated) and market (formed by demand) value.

The most popular types of securities:

• shares - confirm that the investor has made a certain contribution to the capital joint-stock company and is entitled to profit;
• bonds - confirm that the holder has the right to receive the face value of the security with a fixed percentage as profit.

Advantages and disadvantages of investing in securities

Stock

Advantages. Stocks offer significant dividend income over time. Their sale often brings significant income to the owner. In some cases, the shareholder has the right to manage the company and participate in business decision-making.

Flaws. The owner of the shares risks not receiving dividends, and the share price itself may decline over time. The amount of income is difficult to predict. It is almost impossible to redeem shares early.

Bonds

Advantages. The owner's income is negotiated in advance and is already known when buying securities. Thus, holding bonds guarantees income. These securities can be redeemed in advance.

Flaws. Bonds usually have lower yields and the holder is not allowed to take part in the management of the company.

Investments in the securities market to obtain a residence permit and citizenship

A number of states in Europe use securities as a tool to attract investment, in return offering investors a residence permit or even citizenship.

What are the benefits of such an investment? The most important thing is that you get a residence permit or citizenship under a simplified program - as an investor. In addition, in this case, the risk of investing in a security is minimal, since we are talking about your participation in official migration programs developed by governments. Government securities do not fall in price and do not lose profitability, as they are backed by government guarantees.

After a certain period (usually 5 years) after making investments and obtaining official status (residence permit, second citizenship), the investor has every right to sell securities and make a profit.

Residence permit for investments in securities

The most common practice in migration programs European countries– registration of a residence permit for investments in government securities.

• In the UK, one of the ways to get a residence permit is to purchase British government bonds in the amount of 2 to 10 million pounds. You can apply for a long-term Tier 1 investor visa here in just 8 weeks.
• In Spain, there are two investment options at once: the purchase of government bonds in the amount of 2 million euros or investments from 1 million euros in shares of companies - residents of Spain. Registration of a residence permit takes 1-2 months.

Citizenship for the purchase of financial securities

In Europe, countries offering a second passport for investment in securities include Malta. However, the migration program of this country is quite complex and has an integrated approach. You can choose between buying government stocks or bonds. To obtain citizenship, you should spend at least 150 thousand euros on their purchase. However, this investment must be supplemented by a contribution to the National Development Fund and the purchase (or lease) of real estate.

It is worth noting that Malta securities are now extremely highly valued due to a stable economy and flexible financial system states. Many wealthy businessmen prefer to register their businesses here.

Who is eligible for obtaining a residence permit and citizenship when buying securities?

Programs for receiving, and may be of interest to investors who want to have firm and long-term guarantees of returns on stocks and bonds. At the same time, many wealthy people who invest in securities are looking for an easy and legal way to get an alternative place of residence in Europe. Using the proposals of these countries, it is possible to solve both problems at the same time.

Thus, investments in government stocks and bonds provide an opportunity to:

• obtain a residence permit or citizenship on favorable terms and in a short time;
• receive a profitable and guaranteed investment instrument;
• it is absolutely legal to withdraw capital abroad without loss;
• significantly improve the quality of life of your entire family;
• travel around the world without visa restrictions.

The profitability of investments in securities with participation in migration programs is high, since states are interested in the influx of investors, are ready to give maximum guarantees, and the effectiveness of these financial instruments has been carefully calculated. The nominal value of shares and bonds is the same as the market value.

However, the purchase of securities is only one of the ways to obtain European citizenship or a residence permit. If you want to learn more about the possibilities of migration programs, subscribe to our blog updates. Leave questions in the comments to the articles - our experts will definitely give you time.

Introduction to investing in securities

Capital can exist in various forms. It can be money, equipment, real estate and much more. Today I want to talk about such a form of capital as securities. The appearance of securities was associated with the need to attract credit funds to expand production and business. Investing in securities is an excellent tool for. This article, most likely, will be the first in a series of posts about stock market investment instruments, so it can be called an introductory one. I will list the main points of the article:

• Securities - what is it?;
• Derivative securities;
• A few words about investing in stocks;
• Conclusion.

Securities - what is it?

I have been blogging for over 6 years now. During this time, I regularly publish reports on the results of my investments. Now the public investment portfolio is more than 1,000,000 rubles.

Especially for readers, I developed the Lazy Investor Course, in which I showed you step by step how to put your personal finances in order and effectively invest your savings in dozens of assets. I recommend that every reader go through at least the first week of training (it's free).

A security is a document certifying the existence of certain property rights of the owner or confirming the fact of a loan between an investor and an issuer (company) and making it possible to receive a certain income. Securities have a nominal value, which is indicated on paper, and a market value, which is formed under the influence of supply and demand. The securities market is often called the stock market, and the place where securities transactions are carried out is often called the stock exchange. However, not all securities are traded on the stock exchange. I will list the main types of securities.

Main types of securities

Now let's try to deal with the main types of securities.

• Stock- a security that indicates a contribution to the capital of a joint-stock company and gives the right to receive dividend income and even the right to manage the company if the investor is the owner of a controlling stake.

Shares, in turn, are ordinary and preferred. A shareholder holding ordinary shares may vote on general meeting shareholders, which formally allows you to participate in the election of members of the board and the election further way company development. One share counts as one vote. Dividends per ordinary shares may not be paid, because the distribution of dividends on them is carried out after the deduction of dividends on preferred shares.

Preferred shares do not give the right to manage the company, but it is on them that dividends are paid first. Buying and reselling shares on the stock exchange is beneficial for the issuer (company), because eliminates the possibility of withdrawing capital from circulation and does not disrupt the production process.

• Bonds are debt securities. The bondholder has the right to receive the face value of the security plus a fixed percentage within the stated period. Bonds are corporate and government.

Government bonds are characterized by high reliability, but their yield is relatively low. Corporate bonds have a high degree of risk, but also a higher yield. In one of the following articles I will try to analyze in detail the topic of investing in bonds.

• Bills- a written obligation of the debtor to pay a certain amount within a specified period. There are discount bills (bought at a lower price than face value, but sold at face value) and interest-bearing (interest is charged in excess of the face value). The difference between a bill of exchange and a bond: firstly, these papers are not listed on the stock exchange. Secondly, bonds are issued in non-documentary form, and the promissory note must be drawn up on paper.

Information on the Russian debt market and bills in particular can be found in the RVS system (bills.ru). However, in order to see the current prices for instruments (online), you will have to connect the terminal, which, unfortunately, is paid.

• bank certificate- this security, which is a confirmation of the possession of a certain amount of funds in the bank. Basically, the yield of a bank certificate is comparable to the yield of a bank deposit.

• depositary receipt- a registered security, which indicates the ownership of a certain number of securities of a foreign issuer. Issued without face value.

• Government securities- Securities issued by the state. These are bonds, privatization checks (vouchers), treasury bills, gold certificates. In general, payments on them are made on time and are highly reliable.
• Privatization checks(vouchers) were intended in the early 90s to transfer state assets to private hands in the process of privatization. Privatization checks (vouchers) are now only collectible or historical value.

• Gold Certificates issued in 1993-1994 to compensate for budget expenditures. Gold certificates provided the owner with the right to redeem the certificate in rubles, based on the price of gold on the London market, or in gold bars.

Types of derivative securities

Derivative securities are documentary or non-documentary contracts that arise as a result of changes in the price of the underlying asset on which the contract is based. While stocks and bonds are traded on the stock market, derivatives are traded on futures market. Another difference is that derivative securities have a fixed expiration date.

Types of derivative securities:

• An option is a contract that provides the opportunity to buy a strictly specified amount of an asset at a certain date in the future. When buying an option, the buyer pays the seller the price of the option (called the premium), i.e. The price of the option differs from the price of the underlying asset from which the contract was created. By maturity, options are divided into:
  • American option - exercised at any time before the expiration of the contract;
  • European option - executed exactly on time specified in the contract.

There is also a call option (to buy) and a put option (to sell).

Example. An investor buys a put option for 100 rubles (premium). The underlying asset at the date of purchase is 500 rubles. At the time of closing the option, the price of the asset turned out to be 300 rubles. Financial results such a transaction will be: 500 - 300 - 100 = 100. I.e. the investor received 100 rubles of net profit.

• A futures contract is an obligation to buy an underlying asset in the future of a certain amount on a specific date at a predetermined price. Unlike an option, the buyer and seller do not have the right to withdraw from the contract.

Example. We need 1 ton of grain in October, and we don't know if there will be an increase in the price of grain or not. To insure against this, we enter into a futures contract for grain in July at July prices. Thus, in any market situation in October, we will buy grain at July prices.

• A swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange underlying assets or payments on these assets in the future under predetermined conditions. The side that better predicted the dynamics of rates wins. Swaps enable investors to reduce currency and interest rate risks, the cost of managing a portfolio of securities.

Swaps are over-the-counter contracts that are not regulated by the state and are carried out through special intermediaries - banks (also called swap banks) and dealers.

Investment in shares

To correctly invest in stocks, you need to have knowledge of fundamental and technical analysis. Stocks are a very unstable instrument, subject to large price fluctuations. Just look at the chart of the most liquid stocks. For example, the shares of M.Video seriously sank in 2008 and at the end of 2014.

As we can see, just take and buy shares and leave them in the hope of receiving passive income will not work. Yes, some companies pay dividends, but this percentage may not be felt due to inflation or due to a fall in the share price. This is due to the developing economy of our country. It is much more profitable for traders to play on the stock price than to hold them for several years. Although some companies have recently paid dividends with interest rate more than 10%.

In developed countries, things are somewhat different. Dividends are paid in the region of 3-5%, which is a very good indicator in the context of lower lending rates and moderate risks. In addition, for investors in the US and a number of other countries, there are special payments and buyback programs.

It makes sense to invest in stocks for the long term, as the famous did. His strategy is based on fundamental analysis. He chose securities for his portfolio especially carefully, based on indicators financial reporting. The essence of such investment is to gradually increase the volume of your portfolio, following the financial performance of companies, in times of crisis not to sell shares, but rather to buy assets that have fallen in price.

If there are no global wars or other cataclysms and the country's economy develops, the portfolio will grow due to the growth in the value of shares and dividend yield. The investment horizon for this strategy is more than 10 years.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I want to note that in order to successfully invest in securities, you need to have a fairly large amount of knowledge and experience. If there is no such experience, then you can use the services trust management or invest in (which I already wrote about). But interest commensurate with the profit received from is hardly worth waiting for. Perhaps some of the readers have experience investing in securities. Unsubscribe in the comments what tools you worked with and how much you managed to earn.