Absolutely any association in the process economic activity can play the role of a supplier (executor) or customer. When making settlements on his accounts, as a rule, both accounts payable and receivable are formed. In this article, it would be appropriate to consider the concept and types of accounts payable and receivable. In addition, it is important to study the current aspects regarding the first category.

Features of debts

For a full understanding of such a category as accounts payable, it is advisable to consider the relevant system as a whole (namely, the concept, features, types of receivables and payables of the enterprise).

Today, accounts receivable is defined as the debt of other associations, employees and citizens of this structure. In other words, this is the debt of buyers for the purchased product, services rendered or work performed; debts of persons of accountable value for the amounts of funds issued to them. It is important to know that individuals and organizations that owe a certain amount of money to this organization are called debtors.

Accounts receivable: classification

It should be emphasized that receivables are endowed with a fairly branched classification. So, in accordance with the content of obligations, it is customary to distinguish the following types of categories:

• Debt that is directly related to the sale of marketable products, works or services.
• Debt that is in no way related to the sale of marketable products, works or services.

When considering the types of receivables and payables, it should be noted that the duration criterion involves the division of receivables into long-term and short-term, which is often called current in modern literature. In accordance with such a factor as the timeliness of payment, the following types of debt are distinguished:

• Normal.
• Overdue (sometimes hopeless and doubtful).

The concept and types of accounts payable

Accounts payable as an independent category of legal significance is a special part of the general property complex of the structure, which is the subject of binding relations between the association and its creditors. It is important to note that the economic aspect, one way or another, consists of a part of the organization's property (we are talking mainly about cash) and commodity material assets. It must be remembered that the structure uses and owns all types of accounts payable that are relevant today, however, one way or another, it undertakes to pay or return the corresponding part of the property complex to creditors. The latter are vested with the right to demand the performance of the obligation presented.

Dual nature of accounts payable

From the materials of the previous chapter, we can conclude that the nature and types of accounts payable are determined by a dual legal nature. In other words, as part of the general property complex, the category belongs to the organization in accordance with the right of ownership in relation to things or funds received by the loan method. On the other hand, as an object of legal relations of an obligatory nature, the considered economic category is nothing but the organization's debts to creditors. It is important to note that the latter are the persons endowed with all the rights to collect or demand from this association the specified part of the common property complex.

In accordance with the simplified aspect, accounts payable - a type of obligation to creditors; what this organization owes other physical or legal entities. A full definition of the category under consideration implies the obligatory consideration of the features noted above. Thus, accounts payable is part of the general property complex of the organization, which is the subject of debt obligations of the debtor's association, which have arisen in accordance with various legal grounds, to direct creditors (authorized persons).

Accounting for accounts payable - a mandatory aspect

It is important to know that all currently existing types of accounts payable, one way or another, are subject to accounting and, of course, reflected in the balance sheet. They are reflected as debts of the association-balance holder.

When the creditor structure does not intend to take any actions related to the voluntary return of debts, the debtor has the opportunity to collect them by force. It is important to add that, depending on the type of accounts payable, both judicial and extrajudicial procedures take place today.

Debt obligations of various origins

It is interesting to know that the definition of accounts payable currently covers those debt obligations of the creditor association that are of various origins. Since the currently known types of accounts payable are bright sources of cash or other material resources at the disposal of the organization, they are present in liabilities balance sheet. It should be added that the accounting of the category analyzed in the article is carried out in accordance with each creditor separately. The indicators of a generalizing nature reflect the total amount of accounts payable. By the way, it is given only on condition of division into certain groups.

Temporary financial improvement

The concept and types of accounts payable, its features on present stage development of the economy suggest that the attraction of borrowed money or other material resources into the turnover of the structure is a phenomenon that in any case implies a temporary improvement in the general condition of the organization in financial terms. The main condition here is that the borrowed funds are not frozen for a long period in circulation - they are returned at the time determined in accordance with the official agreement.

You need to know that otherwise there is a threat of an overdue type of accounts payable of the enterprise. This alignment, as a rule, involves the payment of a certain amount of a fine, as well as a significant deterioration in the financial life of the structure. That is why, when managing, it is imperative to study the prescription, the composition of the occurrence of accounts payable, as well as the presence, causes and frequency of its formation.

free credit

All types of accounts payable of an organization, in accordance with their essence, act as free credit and belong to the category of cash and other material resources attracted by the structure in economic circulation. It should be noted that, unlike liabilities of a sustainable nature, accounts payable are not a planned source of the formation of working capital. One way or another, it serves as a short-term liability of the enterprise.

It is interesting to note that part of the structure under consideration is determined by the regular nature, because it appears, as a rule, due to certain features of the calculations. However, most accounts payable arise as a result of a violation of the discipline of the settlement and payment type. So, it acts as a consequence of non-observance by the structure of the actual terms of payment for a commercial product and the submission of settlement documentation.

Short-term type of borrowings

The considered category characterizes the most short-term variety of borrowed funds used by the structure. It is necessary to know that these funds are formed at the expense of sources of internal significance. Their accrual in accordance with various types of accounts is carried out by the organization on a daily basis. The repayment of obligations under these accounts payable is made within a specific time frame, where the range, as a rule, does not exceed a monthly period. Since, after accrual, the funds included in accounts payable no longer belong to the organization’s property, but are only applied until the due date determined for the repayment of current obligations, in accordance with their economic content, they are one of the varieties of borrowed capital.

Classification of accounts payable

In this and subsequent chapters, it would be appropriate to consider the main types of accounts payable. Today it is customary to allocate debt for:

• Contractors and suppliers.
• Transfers of premiums in accordance with the structure's property insurance.
• Transfer of contributions in accordance with the personal insurance of employees.
• Bills payable.
• Founders in accordance with the payment of income and so on.

So, depending on the legal nature and legal regime, the category under consideration is reduced to three groups:

• Before social funds and budget.
• To employees (for example, wage arrears).
• To contractors and partners.

According to the criterion associated with the fact of the payment, the debt is:

• Non-overdue (debts, the maturity of which did not come at the time of the formation of the balance sheet).
• Overdue (maturity dates have come).

What else?

You need to know that in the structure of accounts payable it is customary to single out the debt of the association:

• To contractors and suppliers.
• To employees and organizations.
• Before off-budget funds state character.
• Before the budget.
• According to received loans and credits.
• to other creditors.

Features of accounts payable

• It is a free source of applied borrowed funds. Being a free source of capital formation, accounts payable provides some reduction not only in its borrowed share, but also full cost capital.
• The size, one way or another, affects the duration of the financial cycle of the structure. It has an impact to some extent on the required amount of cash in order to finance current assets. The larger the relative value of the category under consideration, the smaller the amount of money the structure needs to attract for the current financing of its own economic activity.
• The total amount of debt directly depends on the volume of economic activity of the structure (primarily on the volume of output and sales of the product). It is important to note that with an increase in the volume of production and sale of marketable products, the expenses of the organization increase, which are accrued as part of the debt. Thus, the total amount of accounts payable increases, and vice versa.

It is important to emphasize that the value of the category under consideration is affected by the volume of all purchases, as well as the corresponding percentage of purchases under the terms of the subsequent payment. In addition, factors related to the execution of contracts with counterparties have a considerable influence; terms of settlements with contractors and suppliers; the level of saturation of the market with this product; policy related to the repayment of accounts payable; consistency in the application of the results of the analysis of the category under consideration, as well as its quality; settlement system adopted in the structure.

It is important to note that in the case of an increase in non-cash settlements, the quality and turnover of accounts payable increase proportionally. Its size is reduced, so the stability and solvency of the structure is significantly increased. In addition, accounts payable may be terminated by the executor of obligations, as well as written off as unclaimed.

Analytical accounting of debts on credits and loans is kept separately by types of credits and loans, according to credit organizations and other lenders, for individual credits and loans (types of loan obligations).

In accordance with the provisions of PBU 15/01, debt on debt obligations may be urgent (the maturity of which, under the terms of the contract, has not come or has been extended (prolonged) in in due course) and overdue (debt on received loans and credits with expired maturity).

Note!

Accounting for urgent and overdue debts is kept separately on separate sub-accounts opened for accounts and.

The organization that received the borrowed funds, at the end of the payment period is obliged to carry out transfer of urgent debt into overdue debt, and this transfer is made by the borrowing organization on the day following the day when, under the terms of the loan or credit agreement, the borrower was supposed to repay the principal amount of the debt.

Paragraph 6 of PBU 15/01 allows borrowing organizations to take into account long-term debt on loans and borrowings by any of the two options, while the method used must be mandatory fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.

Option 1.

The borrowing entity accounts for borrowings under a long-term agreement as long-term debt before the expiration of the agreement.

Option 2.

The borrower organization first records debt under a long-term agreement as part of long-term debt and transfers it to short-term debt at the moment when 1 year remains before the expiration of the agreement.

If an organization borrows money from foreign currency, then this operation is regulated by the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for assets and liabilities whose value is expressed in foreign currency" PBU 3/2000, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance Russian Federation dated January 10, 2000 No. 2n (hereinafter PBU 3/2000).

Borrowed funds can be provided not only in the currency of the Russian Federation - rubles, but also in foreign currency or in conditional monetary units. In case of receiving such borrowings, the borrowing organization is obliged to be guided by paragraph 9 of PBU 15/01:

“Debt on a loan granted to a borrower and (or) a loan received or expressed in foreign currency or conditional monetary units is accounted for by the borrower in ruble valuation at the exchange rate Central Bank Russian Federation, acting on the date of the actual transaction(provision of a loan, loan, including the placement of loan obligations), and in the absence of the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation - at the exchange rate determined by agreement of the parties.

Expenses in the form sum difference arise for the taxpayer if the amount of obligations and claims that have arisen, calculated at the exchange rate established by agreement of the parties in conventional monetary units on the date of sale (posting) of goods (works, services), property rights, does not correspond to the amount actually received (paid) in rubles.

The resulting difference between the ruble valuation of liabilities for date of acceptance for accounting of accounts payable and its ruble valuation at expense recognition date represents sum difference. It would be most correct to recognize the date of occurrence of sum differences - the date of repayment of debt under credit and loan agreements.

On March 13, the organization made a preliminary payment for goods that were accepted for accounting on March 20, 2006. The organization returned the loan amount to the bank on April 10, 2006.

In the accounting of the organization, the accountant of the organization reflected this as follows:

End of example.

Let us first explain what is meant by an investment asset.

“Additional costs incurred by the borrower in connection with obtaining loans and credits, issuing and placing loan obligations, may include costs associated with:

provision of legal and advisory services to the borrower;

implementation of copying and duplicating works;

payment of taxes and fees (in cases stipulated by the current legislation);

carrying out examinations;

consumption of communication services;

other costs directly related to obtaining loans and credits, placement of loan obligations”.

As you can see, this list of additional costs is open. Such costs are accounted for by the borrowing entity, including reporting period, in which they were made, can be previously accounted for as receivables, with subsequent inclusion in operating expenses during the maturity of the loan obligation.

Example 3

Let's pretend that Building company On January 10, 2006, she received a loan from a bank in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles for a period of 6 months. At the same time, the organization paid a remuneration in the amount of 6,000 rubles (excluding VAT) to a third-party organization for the examination of this agreement.

The entity's accounting policy stipulates that incremental borrowing costs are deferred and then charged to operating expenses over the term of the contract.

In the accounting of the organization, this will be reflected as follows:

The procedure for organizing the accounting of credits and loans is regulated by the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of servicing them" PBU 15/01, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.08.2001 No. 60n.

Currency transactions to attract a loan are carried out in a non-cash manner and are recorded in the borrower's account at the time of receipt of funds. Foreign currency is credited to the organization's current currency accounts in authorized banks.

The borrowing organization accepts for accounting at the time of the actual transfer of foreign exchange funds credit obligations for the principal amount of the debt as part of accounts payable. The principal amount of the debt (debt) under the loan and (or) credit received from the lender is accounted for by the borrowing organization in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement or credit agreement in the amount of actually received funds.

Debt on a loan granted in a foreign currency is accounted for by the borrower in ruble terms at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia effective on the date of the actual transaction.

Depending on the term of the loan, accounts payable can be short-term or long-term.

When receiving a loan or loan for a period of more than 12 months, an entry must be made in the accounting of the borrowing organization on the debit of the account for accounting for cash or other valuables received and the credit of the account.

The working chart of accounts may provide for the use of the following accounts:

The repayment of foreign currency loans is made within the terms established by the loan agreement. According to civil law, the organization's obligations to repay the loan are considered fulfilled after the foreign currency is credited to the creditor's bank account, unless otherwise provided by the agreement.

In accounting, the repayment of credit obligations is recognized at the time the funds are debited from the borrower's foreign currency account.

Depending on the content of bank credit and loan agreements, the existence of amounts of urgent and (or) overdue debts is established.

The agreement comes into force and becomes binding on the parties from the moment of its conclusion, for loan and credit agreements, this is the moment of transfer of funds.

If the terms of the agreement provide for the repayment of a foreign currency loan in parts, then the delay in the return of its next part gives the creditor the right to demand early return of the entire remaining amount of the debt and interest.

Foreign exchange transactions for the payment of penalties to fulfill credit obligations, carried out from the accounts of the organization in authorized banks or third parties in favor of residents and non-residents, can be carried out without a special permit (license) from the Bank of Russia.

In accordance with paragraph 7 of PBU 3/2000, the value of funds expressed in foreign currency in settlements (including settlements on loan obligations) with any legal entity and individual as of the date of compilation is subject to revaluation in ruble terms financial statements.

The exchange rate difference is reflected in accounting in the reporting period to which the date of fulfillment of payment obligations refers or for which financial statements are prepared.

The exchange rate difference between the ruble valuation of foreign exchange liabilities at the exchange rate established by the Bank Russia as of the reporting date, and their ruble valuation at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia effective on the date of crediting funds or on the date of the last revaluation, is taken into account at the end of the current period.

The debt on the received credit (loan) in foreign currency is written off in ruble terms at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia in force on the date of payment. At the same time, the organization records the exchange rate difference between the ruble valuation of foreign exchange liabilities at the exchange rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the date of return of foreign exchange funds and their ruble valuation at the Bank of Russia exchange rate in effect on the date of the last revaluation.

Exchange differences resulting from the recalculation of the amount of the principal debt under the loan agreement are included in the financial results of the organization as non-operating income and expenses.

Thus, the exchange difference is recognized at each revaluation of funds in settlements on loans and borrowings in foreign currency on the reporting date, as well as on the date of fulfillment of credit obligations (repayment of the loan).

Example 4

The organization received a loan of $150,000 for 2 months.

The exchange rate of the US dollar against the ruble was (conditionally):

The rules for the formation in accounting of information on the costs associated with the fulfillment of obligations on loans and credits received are given in PBU 15/01, according to clause 2 of which these rules do not apply to interest-free loan agreements and state loan agreements.

Interest for the use of provided foreign exchange accrued monthly from the moment the foreign currency is credited to the account of the organization in accordance with the procedure established by the agreement. The amount of interest increases the principal loan obligation.

The fulfillment by the organization of obligations to pay interest must be carried out within the time limits established by the agreement. If such terms are not defined, then interest is paid monthly until the day of repayment of the loan amount.

Debt under outstanding loans and loans is shown in accounting taking into account the interest payable in accordance with the terms of the contracts at the end of the reporting period.

Accrued interest is taken into account in ruble terms at the rate of the Bank of Russia effective on the date of their recognition, and in its absence, at the rate agreed by the parties to the transaction. The procedure for recalculating interest debt is similar to the procedure established for the principal debt.

Therefore, the exchange rate difference is determined at each revaluation of unpaid interest on credit obligations in foreign currency on the reporting date, as well as on the date of fulfillment of obligations to pay them.

The basis for terminating the accrual in accounting of exchange rate differences arising from the revaluation of the balance of funds in settlements of credit and loan obligations in foreign currency is the termination of obligations under this loan agreement.

Exchange differences under a loan agreement, in which obligations to the creditor are expressed in foreign currency, are not accrued from the moment (indicated in the text of the agreement) of the expiration of the loan agreement (which can be extended), if it provides that from this moment (date) obligations of the parties (lender and borrower) under the contract.

In the absence of the above condition in the text of the loan agreement, exchange differences are accrued until the moment (date) stipulated by the agreement when the parties fulfill their obligations to repay the entire amount of the loan (loan) and interest on it by the borrowing organization.

Exchange differences resulting from the recalculation of the amount of the principal debt under a loan agreement are recognized as non-operating income and expenses, while exchange differences arising from the revaluation of accrued interest are reflected in accordance with the procedure provided for the recognition of costs for servicing loans.

The costs of loans and credits received are expenses of the period in which they are incurred and are related to operating expenses, with the exception of their part to be included in the cost of an investment asset - an object of property, the preparation of which for the intended use requires a significant amount of time.

Borrowing and credit costs are included in current expenses in the amount of payments due in accordance with the terms of the concluded agreements, regardless of the form and when the above payments are actually made.

Accrued interest on loans and borrowings attributable to operating expenses are reflected in the accounting records of the borrowing organization on account 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account "Other expenses" (91-2)

Note!

Debt on received loans and credits is shown taking into account interest payable at the end of the reporting period according to the terms of the contracts.

In the accounting of the organization, the amounts of accrued interest for the use of borrowed funds are reflected in the credit of accounts 66 “Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings” and 67 “Settlements on long-term loans and loans” in correspondence with the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”. It should be noted, however, that the amount of accrued interest is taken into account apart.

Payment of accrued interest reduces accounts payable on borrowed funds received.

Example 5

On March 10, 2006, the bank granted a loan in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles to the manufacturing enterprise Tekhnika LLC for a period of 3 months at 24% per annum. In accordance with the terms of the loan agreement, the organization is obliged to pay interest to the bank on a monthly basis for using the loan no later than the 5th day of the next month.

The total amount of interest to be paid by Technika LLC for the use of the provided loan will be:

1,000,000 rubles x 24: (366 x 100) x 93 days = 60,983.61 rubles;

In the accounting of Tekhnika LLC, transactions with borrowed funds were reflected as follows:

As you can see, as a result, the amount of 1,000 rubles (173,500 rubles - 172,500 rubles) remained on the account, which actually represents the amount difference that has arisen.

End of example.

For more information on the issues of accounting for operations with borrowed funds from a borrowing organization, you can find in the book of CJSC “BKR-Intercom-Audit” “Borrowed and credit funds. Pledge and surety.

• Vaulina Alina Alekseevna, student
• Stavropol State Agrarian University
• Tomilina Elena Petrovna, Candidate of Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor
• Stavropol State Agrarian University

• CREDIT
• BORROWED FUNDS
• FINANCIAL STABILITY
• ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
• COMPETITIVENESS
• BANKRUPTCY

The article discusses the concept of accounts payable, its characteristics, the system of accounts payable management and methods of attracting borrowed funds.

• The main problems of compulsory medical insurance of citizens
• Financial aspects of ensuring the competitiveness of the corporation
• Tax accounting under the simplified taxation system

Almost all organizations in modern world do not manage in their economic activity without accounts payable. In Russia in last years there is a deterioration in the economic situation and an increase in accounts payable of economic entities. The debt of enterprises is a factor of their insufficient financial stability and investment unattractiveness.

Accounts payable is an unpaid obligation of a company to creditors. The creditors of the enterprise are suppliers of goods, works, services, landlords, buyers, employees, the budget and extra-budgetary funds. Accounts payable is characterized by the following main features:

1. Free source of used borrowed funds. Accounts payable reduces not only the cost of the borrowed part of the capital, but also the cost of the entire capital of the enterprise.
2. The size affects the duration of the financial cycle of the enterprise. The larger the amount of accounts payable, the less funds the company needs to raise to finance its business activities.
3. The amount of accounts payable is directly dependent on the volume of production and sales of products. With the growth of production volume, the expenses of the enterprise also increase, and this entails the attraction of more funds and an increase in accounts payable.

Accounts payable management is an important aspect of financial management. The success of the organization and its existence in the future depends on how effectively this management will be carried out. With proper management, such debt can become an additional, and most importantly, a cheap source of borrowing. Therefore, from how relations with counterparties are built, the terms of the contracts being concluded are agreed, the terms of their payment are monitored, i.e. what is the mechanism for managing accounts payable, largely depends on the effectiveness of the use of funds received. It is important to note that any debt primarily affects the solvency of the organization. Therefore, in order to effectively manage the debts of an organization, it is necessary:

1. Determine the optimal structure of accounts payable for the enterprise
2. Create an accounts payable budget
3. Develop a system of indicators characterizing relations with creditors and take certain values ​​as planned
4. Analyze the compliance of actual indicators with regulatory
5. Make an analysis of the reasons for the deviations that have arisen
6. Develop a set of practical measures to bring the debt structure in line with planned targets.

An important role in the management of accounts payable is played by the manager. He must develop and apply a clear strategy in relations with creditors so that they are most consistent with the goals of ensuring the financial stability of the company and increasing its profitability and competitiveness. In the course of developing a strategy, managers should pay great attention to solving such problems as: maximizing profits and minimizing company costs, achieving dynamic development and increasing the creditworthiness of the organization. When all these tasks are completed, the maximum financial stability of the organization will be determined. Funding for these tasks should also be provided in full. The organization should first use all its own sources of financing, and then attract borrowed funds from creditors. At the same time, it is important to take into account the cost of borrowed capital, which should allow maintaining the profitability of the organization at an optimal level.

An important step in the management of accounts payable is to determine the most appropriate tactical approaches. There are several approaches to attracting borrowed funds:

1. Funds of investors (expansion of authorized capital)
2. Bank loan
3. Commodity credit (deferred payment to suppliers)
4. Using your own "economic superiority"

The method of raising funds at the expense of investors has its own characteristics. Firstly, this method is distinguished by its cheapness. As a rule, investors, exchanging their money for a share in the organization, count on certain dividends, prescribed in the constituent documents in the form of interest. At the same time, in the absence of profit at the enterprise, the capital invested in the business may be "free". Secondly, investors get the opportunity to influence the processes taking place in the organization. Therefore, great care must be taken to maintain a controlling stake, otherwise your own capital may turn into capital loaned to a new investor. Thus, when attracting investors' funds, a certain limitation must be observed, they should not be more than their own initial investments.

A bank loan is usually issued by banks. This type of raising funds is the most expensive, as it involves high percent and the need for security. Despite the "high cost" and "problematic" attraction, the possibilities of a bank loan, unlike an investment loan, should be used by the company at 100%. A significant drawback of financial borrowings is the presence of strictly defined terms for their return.

Attracting borrowed funds with the help of a commodity loan is the simplest way, since it does not require collateral and is not associated with significant costs and duration of registration.

The essence of using the advantages associated with one's own economic superiority lies in the ability to dictate and impose on the supplier (creditor) their own "rules" of the game in the market and the nature of contractual relations. The economic superiority of the borrower over the lender may arise in the event of:

• monopoly position of the borrower in the market
• the buyer's assets greatly outnumber the supplier's assets
• marketing benefits
• organizational weaknesses in management accounts receivable at the lender.

Thus, the manager, in an effort to use all sources of borrowed funds to the maximum, should pay attention to the possibility of paying these funds in the future, as well as compare the organization's capabilities with approaches to attracting borrowed funds.

Also one of the most important stages of accounts payable management is tracking payment terms. In the event of a delay in payment, it is often applied increased percentage payments under the contract, in the event of a subsequent delay, the delivery may be canceled.

Thus, the accounts payable management system must necessarily include the following elements: accounts payable planning, its regulation, control, analysis and regulation of these processes. Effective accounts payable management ensures the organization working capital for continuous operation. Only an integrated approach will ensure effective management of accounts payable, as well as reduce the risk of insolvency and bankruptcy of the enterprise.

Bibliography

1. Bogomolov, A. M. Management of receivables and payables as an element of the internal control system in an organization // Modern accounting. - 2012. - N 5. - S. 46–51.
2. Emelin, V. N., Pivkina E. I. Management of accounts payable of an organization // Young scientist. - 2014. - No. 8. - S. 465-467.
3. Zakharov, V. Ya. Crisis management. Theory and practice [Electronic resource]: textbook. allowance / V. Ya. Zakharov and others; ed. V. Ya. Zakharova. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M. : UNITI-DANA, 2012. - 319 p.
4. Kokin, A.S. Corporate Finance: Textbook / Kokin A.S., Yashin N.I., Yashin S.N. and others - M.: ITs RIOR, NITs INFRA-M, 2016. - 369 p.
5. Samylin, A.I. Corporate Finance: Textbook / A.I. Samylin. - M.: NITs INFRA-M, 2014. - 472 p.

AT economics the postulate was adopted that an enterprise using its own working capital in its economic activity is more stable than an organization that has a certain part of borrowed funds in its structure. This statement can be disputed, because credit money can allow an enterprise to get more profit when they efficient use and improve his financial position accordingly.

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The difference lies in the cost of capital - the company uses its money for free, you have to pay interest on borrowed money. The proportion between own working capital and borrowed funds must be reasonable, maintaining a high financial stability ratio.

Proper management of accounts payable significantly affects the stability of the enterprise: the higher the debt, the more problems the organization experiences, starting from payment wages employees and to a decrease in staff motivation. Relations with partner organizations and tax authorities may deteriorate, which can literally put the organization on the brink of survival.

Among borrowed funds, a special place is occupied by long-term accounts payable.

What it is

Long-term accounts payable (KZ) - the organization's obligations in relation to other business entities, exceeding a period of one year. In order to be able to successfully manage the company's debts, it is necessary to determine their optimal ratio to their own working capital and develop a system of relations with creditors that allows the most profitable use of other people's funds.

On the one hand, it turns out that a long-term KZ is a part, a share of property legally owned by an enterprise, transferred to it by a creditor on the basis of an agreement, on the other hand, it is a debt that acts as an object of created legal obligations.

Taking into account the mechanisms of inflation, it can be seen that the use of long-term debt in financial activities Firms can be useful because the actual value of money at the time of receipt differs significantly from the value of funds at the time of payment.

The reasons for the emergence of debt can be different: lack of working capital of the enterprise or a long production cycle that requires additional financial injections. Also, one of the main reasons for the occurrence of a long-term short circuit may be the specifics of production.

The appearance of a long-term short-term credit occurs during the acquisition of assets in the event that the buyer is granted a deferred payment. Its actual cost will be equivalent to the amount of money required for repayment on the date of its acceptance for accounting (discount).

The difference between the price in the event of immediate payment and its value at the date of recognition is recognized as amortization. If the price of an asset upon immediate payment is unknown, you can apply the interest rate at bank loans with similar terms or weighted average interest rate Central Bank. Tax liabilities cannot be discounted.

What applies

The chart of accounts in Russia defines 7 main types of debts as long-term liabilities:

• long-term loans banks - the amounts that the company must pay to creditors, taking into account accrued interest;
• loans and credits taken from non-bank sources (for example, a loan from a founder);
• promissory notes with a maturity of more than one year;
• bonds issued by the company with a maturity of more than one year;
• deferred tax liabilities are the amount of taxes due in the near future. A similar situation may arise if there are discrepancies between accounting and tax accounting standards and accounting indicators exceed the amount of tax in the reporting tax period;
• pension provision of employees - the planned obligations of the enterprise for payments to retired former employees of the organization. This item reflects the amount of money required to be paid today against future pension obligations;
• long-term financial lease obligations.

Timing

Long-term loan commitments include all debt with maturities of more than 12 months or after the operating cycle if it is longer than one year. They will be reflected as the present value of future payments.

Long-term accounts payable in the balance sheet

Every accountant knows that long-term KZ in the balance sheet is accounted for in section IV with the same title: Long-term liabilities of the balance sheet. It is in the passive part of the balance sheet and contains numerical data on debts with maturities exceeding one year.

Line 1410 "Borrowed funds"

In this line, based on the accounting rules, the amounts of long-term loans reflected in accounting on account 67 - “calculations on long-term loans and loans” should be indicated. Only amounts actually received by the borrower should be reflected in long-term debt.

If the subject of filling is borrowed funds in the form of loan agreements, their design is completely different. Based on the receipt of a loan, the accountant must reflect in the balance sheet not the actual amount of funds received, but the figure specified in the contract.

When compiling an explanatory accounting note, the same approach is used: it must indicate the lost amounts under the loan agreement.

Filling in line 1410 Loans and credits includes the amount of loans and credits received by the organization. It also reflects the accrued interest at the end of the reporting period.

Line 1420 "Deferred tax liabilities"

In the next line, the accountant is required to reflect the amount of deferred tax liabilities that are part of the budget allocations. Their presence leads to an increase in the total amount of payment of corporate income tax. How do they arise? It's all about the difference between the two approaches: traditionally, the policy of the tax authorities differs from the requirements of accounting, based on the requirements of the Ministry of Finance.

When filling out this line, the accountant takes account 77 as a basis.

Line 1430 "Estimated liabilities"

In line 1430, the amount of long-term estimated liabilities, including, among other things, reserves for future expenses (account 96).

This may include:

• unavoidable costs associated with the economic activity of the organization;
• probable expenses whose occurrence can be foreseen. They reduce the economic benefit of the enterprise;
• amounts of possible costs that can be valued. Estimated liabilities also include the payment of holiday money and insurance premiums accrued on it.

Accounting rules prohibit this line from including unfulfilled contracts under which one of the counterparties has not yet fulfilled its obligations to the other.

Also, reserves, whose formation comes from the retained earnings of the organization, are not subject to inclusion in line 1430.

The calculation of estimated liabilities should be formally fixed in the accounting policy of the enterprise.

Line 1450 "Other liabilities"

In line 1450, the accountant indicates the totality of other long-term liabilities that were not included in the previous lines of the balance sheet.

This, as a rule, includes credit balances on accounts: 60, 62, 68, 69, 75, 76, 86.

Settlements with suppliers and contractors, buyers and customers, tax and social insurance settlements, targeted financing - everything is reflected in line 1450.

The final line 1400 summarizes all long-term liabilities of the enterprise at the end of the reporting period and shows the total amount of credit debt

Information requirements for a long-term short circuit, as a rule, are available at the enterprise.

Sources of information can be:

• loan agreements with banking or other institutions;
• information on the terms of the bond issue;
• long-term financial lease agreements.

Thus, in conclusion, we note that the presence of accounts payable indicates the resulting gaps between the needs of the enterprise for payment running costs and its opportunities at the moment, requiring the attraction of borrowed funds.

Otherwise, overdue accounts payable may arise, which leads to the payment of fines and deterioration of the financial condition. Therefore, in the management process, it is necessary to study the composition, prescription of accounts payable, the presence, frequency and causes of formation.

Accounts payable is essentially a free loan and is one of the funds attracted by the enterprise into the economic circulation. Unlike stable liabilities, accounts payable is not a planned source of working capital formation. Accounts payable refers to short-term liabilities of the enterprise.

Part of the accounts payable is natural, as it arises in connection with the peculiarities of the calculations. However, in most cases, accounts payable arise as a result of violation of settlement and payment discipline and are the result of non-compliance by the enterprise with the terms of payment for products and settlement documents.

Accounts payable characterizes the most short-term type of borrowed funds used by the enterprise, formed from internal sources.

Accrual of funds for various types of these accounts is made by the enterprise on a daily basis, and the repayment of obligations under these accounts payable is carried out within a certain period of time in the range of one month. Since from the moment of accrual, the funds included in accounts payable are no longer the property of the enterprise, but are only used by them until the maturity of obligations, in its own way economic content they are a type of borrowed capital.

Accounts payable, as a form of borrowed capital, is characterized by the following main features:

1. This is a free source of leveraged funds. As a free source of capital formation, it provides a reduction not only in its borrowed part, but also in the entire cost of capital of the enterprise.

2. The size affects the duration of the financial cycle of the enterprise. It affects to a certain extent the amount of funds needed for financing current assets. The higher the relative amount of accounts payable, the smaller the amount of funds the company needs to attract for the current financing of its business activities.

3. The amount of accounts payable is directly dependent on the volume of economic activity of the enterprise, primarily on the volume of production and sales. With the growth of the volume of production and sales of products, the expenses of the enterprise accrued as part of accounts payable increase, and, accordingly, its total amount increases, and vice versa.

The predicted size for most species is only an estimate. This is due to the fact that the size of many accruals that are part of accounts payable cannot be accurately quantified due to the uncertainty of many parameters of future economic activity.

The amount for its individual types and for the enterprise as a whole depends on the frequency of payments of accrued funds. The frequency of these payments is regulated by state regulatory legal acts, the terms of contracts with business partners, and only a small part of them - by the internal standards of the enterprise. This high degree of dependence of the periodicity of payments on individual accounts that are part of accounts payable on external factors determines the low level of controllability of this source of borrowed funds in the process of financial management.

The amount of accounts payable of the enterprise is affected by the total volume of purchases and the share of acquisitions in it on the terms of subsequent payment, the terms of contracts with counterparties; terms of settlements with suppliers and contractors, the degree of saturation of the market with this product; the policy of repayment of accounts payable, the quality of the analysis of accounts payable and the consistency in the use of its results, the settlement system adopted at the enterprise.

With an increase in non-cash payments, the turnover and quality of accounts payable increases, and the size decreases, therefore, the solvency and stability of the enterprise increases.

Accounts payable can be terminated by the fulfillment of obligations (including offset), and also written off as unclaimed.

1.2 Types of accounts payable

Among the main types of accounts payable are debts for:

1. transfers of premiums for insurance of the property of the enterprise;

2. transfer of contributions to personal insurance personnel;

3.suppliers and contractors;

4. bills payable;

5. subsidiaries or dependent companies and personnel of the organization;

6. transfers of taxes to the budgets of different levels;

7. founders on payment of income;

9. contributions to off-budget funds social insurance, health insurance and Pension Fund etc.

Depending on the legal nature and legal regime, accounts payable can be reduced to three groups:

1. Debt of the organization to the budget and social funds,

2. The debt of the organization to its personnel: debts for payments to employees of wages, compensations, payments in order to compensate for harm caused to the health of an employee or due to the death of an employee at work,

3. Debts to partners and contractors under contractual and cooperative obligations: debts on payments to suppliers for delivered goods, to contractors - for work performed to return received but unworked advances, payment of promissory notes.

Upon payment, accounts payable can be:

overdue (debts on obligations, the maturity of which at the time of the balance sheet has come);

not overdue (debts of the enterprise for obligations, the maturity of which at the time of the balance sheet has not come).

As part of overdue accounts payable, two types of accounts payable can be distinguished:

1. accounts payable, the chances of repaying which, despite the missed repayment period, the company has retained;

2. accounts payable, the repayment of which is unrealistic for any factual reasons. Unrealistic repayment of overdue debts may be due, for example, to the expiration of the limitation period for the enforcement of debt.

The reality and unreality of debt repayment is assessed by the debtor organization itself, taking into account specific circumstances.

The most common type of accounts payable is debt to suppliers and contractors for delivered inventories, services rendered and work not paid on time.

In the composition of accounts payable, the debt of the organization is allocated:

1. to suppliers and contractors (balances as of the reporting date on the credit of accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” and 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”);

A liability is classified as current if it satisfies any of the following criteria:

- it is expected to be settled within the framework of the normal operating cycle of the enterprise;

- it is intended primarily for trading purposes;

- it is due to be repaid within twelve months after the reporting date;

— or the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

All other liabilities should be classified as non-current.

An entity classifies its financial liabilities as current if they are due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date, even if:

— the original maturity was more than twelve months;

— after the reporting date and before approval financial reporting an agreement was concluded on refinancing or changing the payment schedule on a long-term basis.

If an entity expects and has the discretion to refinance or extend any liability for a period of at least twelve months after the reporting date under an existing credit facility, it classifies that liability as non-current, even if that liability would otherwise be subject to repayment within a shorter period. However, if the entity has no discretion to refinance or renew the liability (for example, in the absence of a refinancing agreement), the potential for refinancing is disregarded and the liability is classified as current.

If an entity is in breach of any of the terms of a long-term loan agreement on or before the balance sheet date, causing the liability to be repayable on demand, then the liability is classified as current, even if the lender has agreed, after the balance sheet date and before approval of the financial reporting, not to demand payment on the basis of the violation committed. The liability is classified as current because, at the reporting date, the entity did not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of its settlement for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

However, a liability is classified as non-current if, at the reporting date, the creditor has agreed to grant a grace period ending no earlier than twelve months after the reporting date, during which the entity can remedy the breach and during which the creditor cannot demand immediate repayment.

- long-term bank loans used for capital investments for a long period: for the purchase of expensive equipment, the construction of buildings, the modernization of production;

— long-term loans reflecting long-term loans (except for bank loans) and other funds raised for a period of more than one year, including long-term bonds issued by the enterprise and long-term promissory notes issued.

Some short-term liabilities, such as trade payables and certain accruals of labor and other operating costs, form part of the working capital used during the normal operating cycle of an entity. Such operating items are classified as current liabilities even if they mature no earlier than twelve months after the reporting date. The classification of assets and liabilities of an enterprise uses the same normal operating cycle. If it is not possible to clearly define the normal operating cycle of the enterprise, it is assumed that its duration is twelve months.

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Other current liabilities do not settle in the normal operating cycle but are due within twelve months of the reporting date or held primarily for trading purposes. Examples are financial liabilities classified as held for trading in accordance with IAS 39, bank overdrafts, as well as the current component of long-term financial liabilities, dividends payable, income taxes and other non-trading payables. Financial liabilities that provide long-term financing (ie that do not form part of the working capital used during the entity's normal operating cycle) and do not fall due within twelve months after the reporting date are long-term liabilities.

- liabilities that are covered by working capital or are repaid as a result of the formation of new short-term liabilities. These obligations are repaid over a relatively short period of time (usually within a year). Short-term liabilities are presented in the balance sheet either at their current price, which reflects the future cash costs to pay off these liabilities, or at the price at the date of debt redemption.

Current liabilities include items such as:

- bills and bills payable arising from the provision of credit to the enterprise, debt certificates of receipt by the company short term loan;

- tax debt, which is essentially a form of credit provided by the state to this company;

- wage arrears;

- part of long-term liabilities, subject to repayment in the current period.

Short-term accounts payable are debts that are normally due within one year and are usually paid from working capital. Accounts payable, promissory notes issued, interest arrears, dividends owed, wage arrears and advances received are classified as short-term liabilities, which are discussed in this chapter.

Accounts payable are amounts due to be paid to creditors for purchased products (services received). In the balance sheet, accounts payable are reflected in a single amount, which is made up of individual balances.

Notes payable are an unconditional written commitment to pay a specified amount at a specified time in the future. The reasons for the promissory notes issued are the receipt of bank loans, the purchase of assets or the issuance of promissory notes to secure accounts payable.

Debt under short-term loans and loans - the amounts of borrowed funds outstanding at the end of the reporting period, subject to repayment in accordance with agreements within 12 months after the reporting date.

Interest payable is interest accrued on, for example, bills or bonds, short-term loans and loans. At the balance sheet date, this accrued interest has not yet been paid.

Dividends payable are dividends payable to shareholders and represent the distribution of profits. As of the balance sheet date, these declared dividends have not yet been paid and are therefore a debt of the company.

Payroll arrears are employee wages owed but not yet paid at the balance sheet date. As of the balance sheet date, wages have not yet been paid due to the fact that the due date for payment of wages has not come.

Other accounts payable are amounts due for payment for products or services that are not directly related to the main activities of the enterprise.

Advances received arise upon receipt of payment for the supply of material assets or for the performance of work, for example, received by a publishing house when subscribing to a magazine or making an advance payment for raw materials by a customer. Advances received represent a commitment to return an asset received or to provide a specific service or other contractual obligation, usually within the period following the reporting period.

Long-term liabilities are liabilities with maturities exceeding 12 months.

Long-term liabilities are debts of the organization on credits and loans. Long-term liabilities also include deferred tax liabilities. Assessing the financial condition of an organization that has long-term borrowings, one cannot say that their presence is negative. In addition, long-term liabilities can be equated to equity. Also, taking into account inflationary processes, we can assume that the presence of long-term liabilities is a beneficial factor for the organization, since their real value at the time of receipt differs significantly from the value at the time of payment.

Types of long-term liabilities:

— loans and borrowings with a maturity exceeding 12 months;

— promissory notes issued with a maturity exceeding 12 months;

— bonds issued for a period of more than 12 months;

- deferred tax liabilities.

Long-term loans to banks are issued for the acquisition of investment assets, for replenishment of working capital or for the repayment of current liabilities.

When assessing the financial condition of an enterprise, long-term liabilities are usually divided into two groups:

— part of long-term accounts payable that will be repaid more than 12 months after the reporting date;

- part of long-term accounts payable, which will be repaid before the expiration of the next 12 months after the reporting date.

Sustainability economic development enterprise is impossible without financial stability. It is sustainability that serves as the guarantor of survival and the basis for the firm position of the enterprise. The stability of the enterprise is influenced by various factors: the position of the enterprise in the commodity market; its potential in business cooperation; degree of dependence on external creditors and investors; presence of insolvent debtors; efficiency of economic and financial transactions etc. All these factors differ in structure (simple and complex), in time of impact on the enterprise (permanent and temporary), in the importance of the impact on the result (primary and secondary). All factors, depending on the place of their occurrence, can be divided into internal, depending on the organization of the work of the enterprise itself, and external, not subject to the will of the organization.

The greatest influence on the activity of the enterprise is exerted by internal factors. Among them, a special place is occupied by the presence of accounts payable in the enterprise.

The shortage of funds in the economy and the insolvency of many enterprises have made the issues of working with creditors one of the main functions of financial managers. According to the general recognition of the managers and specialists of Russian companies, the problem of managing accounts payable is greatly complicated by the imperfection of the regulatory and legislative framework in terms of debt collection. These reasons have led to a different perception of the essence of accounts payable management in Russia compared to countries with a stable market economy: we have reduced it to a search for chains of mutual offsets, to an assessment of the possibilities of barter and other surrogate payments.

A modern system of accounts payable management should include the whole set of methods of analysis, control and evaluation of them. At the same time, the management of accounts payable is work with the sources of their occurrence, the formation credit policy enterprises and organization of contract work, as well as debt management.

Conducting business activities, almost any company cannot do without accounts payable. If you pay off counterparties in a timely manner, then no problems arise.

Accounts payable management involves the use by the organization of the most appropriate and profitable forms and terms of settlements with counterparties, and in the most general terms, it comes down to maintaining the financial stability of the company while reducing the deficit of working capital.

The effective management of the company's debts is largely determined by a selective approach to counterparties and a flexible system of settlements with them.

In practice, in order to ensure that credit obligations arising in the course of business activities do not threaten the financial well-being of the company and its level of profitability, the management of an organization or enterprise (including lawyers and accountants) develops a detailed strategy in advance regarding the nature of attracting and using borrowed capital. In this case, the first and fundamental question is whether it is worth doing business at the expense of own funds or raise funds from other companies or a bank.

The problems of accounts payable management are very relevant for most Russian enterprises, however, due to lack of financial resources, as well as trained personnel in many enterprises, their solution is not given due attention.

The concept and types of accounts payable

Accounts payable - the company's debt to counterparties, individual entrepreneurs, individuals, including their own employees, formed in the course of settlements for acquired production and inventories, works and services, in settlements with the budget, as well as in payroll calculations.

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In other words, the obligations of the enterprise that arise in the course of its current production activities constitute accounts payable, that is, the totality of financial obligations to creditors.

In accounting, it is considered that the formation of accounts payable takes place with the simultaneous observance of such conditions as:

the debt is formed in accordance with a specific contract, the requirement of legislation and regulations, business practices;

the amount of debt can be quantified;

the formation of debt will lead to a decrease in the economic benefits of the enterprise.

Accounts payable are accounted for in the reporting period in which, in accordance with the above procedure, they must be recognized, regardless of the time of actual payment of funds and other form of fulfillment by the enterprise of its obligations.

A creditor is a legal or individual that provides the enterprise with money or goods on credit and is entitled to the subsequent reimbursement of these funds in monetary form or by exchange for other goods or works (services). In a broad sense, creditors include banks and other credit institutions, enterprises that sell products and goods with subsequent payment (within the grace period of payment), employees who have been accrued but not paid wages, tax authorities in terms of accrued but not paid taxes and equivalent payments, etc.

The economic concept of accounts payable is that it is not only part of the property of the enterprise (usually cash), but also inventory items (for example, obligations under a commodity loan).

The legal concept of accounts payable is a special part of the enterprise's property, which is the subject of mandatory legal relations between the enterprise and its creditors. The enterprise owns and uses accounts payable, but it is obliged to return this part of the property or pay creditors who have rights, money for it.

Based on the above characteristics, accounts payable can be defined as a part of the property of an enterprise that is the subject of debt obligations of a debtor enterprise arising from various legal grounds to authorized persons - creditors, subject to accounting and reflection in the balance sheet, as debts of the enterprise balance holder.

The concept of "accounts payable" covers the debt obligations of the debtor enterprise, which have a different origin, and, consequently, a different legal nature and legal regime, which, in fact, determines the practical need to use an agreed conceptual apparatus. Since accounts payable is one of the sources of funds at the disposal of the debtor, it is shown in the liabilities side of the balance sheet. Accounting for accounts payable is carried out for each creditor separately, and in generalizing indicators they reflect the total amount of accounts payable.

Accounts payable is divided into short-term or long-term accounts payable (long-term and short-term liabilities).

Long-term liabilities include:

long-term bank loans used for long-term capital investments: for the purchase of expensive equipment, construction of buildings, modernization of production;

long-term loans reflecting long-term loans (except for bank loans) and other attracted funds for a period of more than one year, including long-term bonds issued by the enterprise and long-term promissory notes issued.

Short-term liabilities include:

liabilities that are covered by working capital or repaid as a result of the formation of new short-term liabilities. These obligations are repaid over a relatively short period of time (usually within a year). Short-term liabilities are presented in the balance sheet either at their current price, which reflects the future cash costs to pay off these liabilities, or at the price at the date of debt redemption.

Short-term liabilities include items such as invoices and bills payable arising from the provision of a loan to an enterprise, debt certificates of a short-term loan received by a company; tax arrears, which are essentially a form of credit provided by the state to this company; wage arrears; part of long-term liabilities due in the current period.

1.2 Goals and objectives of accounts payable management

Accounts payable management means the use by the enterprise of the forms, terms, and volumes of settlements with counterparties that are most acceptable to it. Accounts payable management involves a selective approach to the counterparties of the enterprise, which makes it possible to:

evaluate the effectiveness of the credit policy of counterparties, determine the cost of accounts payable, taking into account discounts, bonuses, deferrals, credit limits and obligations;

make decisions on the expediency of working with counterparties both at the operational and strategic levels;

increase the profitability of accounts payable and the enterprise as a whole;

coordinate the management of accounts payable and receivable, which will increase the financial stability of the enterprise;

promptly identify areas and eliminate the causes of inefficient management of accounts payable;

to motivate employees to solve problems of accounts payable management .

The company's accounts payable management policy is to ensure the timely accrual and payment of funds included in its composition. We single out the following stages of the analysis of accounts payable:

1. determination of the structure of the total accounts payable of the enterprise at the end of each reporting period, analysis of the dynamics of the calculated indicators for a number of years;

2. determination of the amount of overdue accounts payable in its general structure;

3. ensuring control over the timeliness of the accrual and payment of funds in the context of certain types of accounts payable;

4. comparison of the amounts of receivables and payables of the enterprise, as well as analysis of the dynamics of their changes over a number of reporting periods.

Internal accounts payable (or internal accrual accounts) characterize the shortest-term type of borrowed funds used by the enterprise, generated by it from internal sources. Accruals of funds on various types of these accounts are made by the enterprise on a daily basis (as current business operations are carried out), and the repayment of obligations on this internal debt is made within certain (set) terms in the range of up to one month. Since from the moment of accrual, the funds included in the internal accounts payable are no longer the property of the enterprise, but are only used by it until the maturity of the obligations, in terms of their economic content they are a type of borrowed capital.

As a form of borrowed capital used by an enterprise in the course of its business activities, internal accounts payable is characterized by the following main features:

The concept of accounts payable is found in the accounting and auditing of many organizations very often.

Types of accounts payable

In the balance sheet, you can find several articles that are devoted to accounts payable. Its main types are as follows:

to suppliers for products and services; before employees for non-payment or delay of wages; before tax office associated with all kinds of taxes and fees in the organization; before banking organizations and other off-budget funds; to others not described above.

Also, accounts payable very often include debt to the founders of the organization, for example, for non-payment of dividends on time.

Thus, we can conclude that the debt to creditors is the unliquidated obligations of the company to other business entities that provided this organization with certain types of services or sold goods. The most common type of accounts payable is obligations to suppliers and contractors, in other words, for the provided materials in debt, without which the enterprise cannot function.

How to manage debt

In order for the obligation to creditors not to turn into a problem for the enterprise, it needs to learn how to manage. This can be done with several steps:

Assess the types of accounts payable for the enterprise and their impact on the financial stability of the organization. This is done using the balance sheet. Calculation of coefficients; Measures to reduce creditors.

Analysis and regulation of accounts payable at the enterprise should be handled by an accountant. Accordingly, it is very important that the accountant at your enterprise has the necessary qualifications and has experience in working with debts.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the less obligations to creditors an enterprise has, the more stable it is considered. From this we can conclude that the high creditor of the enterprise adversely affects the financial stability of the organization, and also negatively affects its solvency and liquidity. To assess the volume of credit obligations, there are special coefficients with which you can find out the level of such debt. Also, many banks and investors, when studying the financial performance of an enterprise, pay attention to accounts payable.

Accounts payable is:

(Accounts payable)

Section 1. The essence of accounts payable.

Section 2 Analysis accounts payable .

Accounts payable— is the debt of the enterprise to other legal and physical. persons as a result of previous actions (events).

Accounts payable - is the debt of the subject ( enterprises. companies, physical faces) to other persons, which this entity is obliged to repay.

The essence of accounts payable

accounts payable arises if the date of receipt of services (works, goods, materials, etc.) does not coincide with the date of their actual payment.

Responsibility for malicious evasion of the return of accounts payable is provided for in Article 177 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

AT accounting It is customary to distinguish several types of accounts payable: